rocksdb/tools/block_cache_trace_analyzer.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
#ifdef GFLAGS
#include "tools/block_cache_trace_analyzer.h"

#include <cinttypes>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include "monitoring/histogram.h"
#include "util/gflags_compat.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"

using GFLAGS_NAMESPACE::ParseCommandLineFlags;

DEFINE_string(block_cache_trace_path, "", "The trace file path.");
DEFINE_string(
    block_cache_sim_config_path, "",
    "The config file path. One cache configuration per line. The format of a "
    "cache configuration is "
    "cache_name,num_shard_bits,cache_capacity_1,...,cache_capacity_N. "
    "cache_name is lru. cache_capacity can be xK, xM or xG "
    "where x is a positive number.");
DEFINE_bool(print_block_size_stats, false,
            "Print block size distribution and the distribution break down by "
            "block type and column family.");
DEFINE_bool(print_access_count_stats, false,
            "Print access count distribution and the distribution break down "
            "by block type and column family.");
DEFINE_bool(print_data_block_access_count_stats, false,
            "Print data block accesses by user Get and Multi-Get.");
DEFINE_int32(cache_sim_warmup_seconds, 0,
             "The number of seconds to warmup simulated caches. The hit/miss "
             "counters are reset after the warmup completes.");
DEFINE_string(output_miss_ratio_curve_path, "",
              "The output file to save the computed miss ratios. File format: "
              "cache_name,num_shard_bits,capacity,miss_ratio,total_accesses");

namespace rocksdb {
namespace {
std::string block_type_to_string(TraceType type) {
  switch (type) {
    case kBlockTraceFilterBlock:
      return "Filter";
    case kBlockTraceDataBlock:
      return "Data";
    case kBlockTraceIndexBlock:
      return "Index";
    case kBlockTraceRangeDeletionBlock:
      return "RangeDeletion";
    case kBlockTraceUncompressionDictBlock:
      return "UncompressionDict";
    default:
      break;
  }
  // This cannot happen.
  return "InvalidType";
}

std::string caller_to_string(BlockCacheLookupCaller caller) {
  switch (caller) {
    case kUserGet:
      return "Get";
    case kUserMGet:
      return "MultiGet";
    case kUserIterator:
      return "Iterator";
    case kPrefetch:
      return "Prefetch";
    case kCompaction:
      return "Compaction";
    default:
      break;
  }
  // This cannot happen.
  return "InvalidCaller";
}

const char kBreakLine[] =
    "***************************************************************\n";

void print_break_lines(uint32_t num_break_lines) {
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_break_lines; i++) {
    fprintf(stdout, kBreakLine);
  }
}

}  // namespace

BlockCacheTraceSimulator::BlockCacheTraceSimulator(
    uint64_t warmup_seconds,
    const std::vector<CacheConfiguration>& cache_configurations)
    : warmup_seconds_(warmup_seconds),
      cache_configurations_(cache_configurations) {
  for (auto const& config : cache_configurations_) {
    for (auto cache_capacity : config.cache_capacities) {
      sim_caches_.push_back(
          NewSimCache(NewLRUCache(cache_capacity, config.num_shard_bits),
                      /*real_cache=*/nullptr, config.num_shard_bits));
    }
  }
}

void BlockCacheTraceSimulator::Access(const BlockCacheTraceRecord& access) {
  if (trace_start_time_ == 0) {
    trace_start_time_ = access.access_timestamp;
  }
  // access.access_timestamp is in microseconds.
  if (!warmup_complete_ && trace_start_time_ + warmup_seconds_ * 1000000 <=
                               access.access_timestamp) {
    for (auto& sim_cache : sim_caches_) {
      sim_cache->reset_counter();
    }
    warmup_complete_ = true;
  }
  for (auto& sim_cache : sim_caches_) {
    auto handle = sim_cache->Lookup(access.block_key);
    if (handle == nullptr && !access.no_insert) {
      sim_cache->Insert(access.block_key, /*value=*/nullptr, access.block_size,
                        /*deleter=*/nullptr);
    }
  }
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::PrintMissRatioCurves() const {
  if (!cache_simulator_) {
    return;
  }
  if (output_miss_ratio_curve_path_.empty()) {
    return;
  }
  std::ofstream out(output_miss_ratio_curve_path_);
  if (!out.is_open()) {
    return;
  }
  // Write header.
  const std::string header =
      "cache_name,num_shard_bits,capacity,miss_ratio,total_accesses";
  out << header << std::endl;
  uint64_t sim_cache_index = 0;
  for (auto const& config : cache_simulator_->cache_configurations()) {
    for (auto cache_capacity : config.cache_capacities) {
      uint64_t hits =
          cache_simulator_->sim_caches()[sim_cache_index]->get_hit_counter();
      uint64_t misses =
          cache_simulator_->sim_caches()[sim_cache_index]->get_miss_counter();
      uint64_t total_accesses = hits + misses;
      double miss_ratio = static_cast<double>(misses * 100.0 / total_accesses);
      // Write the body.
      out << config.cache_name;
      out << ",";
      out << config.num_shard_bits;
      out << ",";
      out << cache_capacity;
      out << ",";
      out << std::fixed << std::setprecision(4) << miss_ratio;
      out << ",";
      out << total_accesses;
      out << std::endl;
      sim_cache_index++;
    }
  }
  out.close();
}

BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer(
    const std::string& trace_file_path,
    const std::string& output_miss_ratio_curve_path,
    std::unique_ptr<BlockCacheTraceSimulator>&& cache_simulator)
    : trace_file_path_(trace_file_path),
      output_miss_ratio_curve_path_(output_miss_ratio_curve_path),
      cache_simulator_(std::move(cache_simulator)) {
  env_ = rocksdb::Env::Default();
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::RecordAccess(
    const BlockCacheTraceRecord& access) {
  ColumnFamilyAccessInfoAggregate& cf_aggr = cf_aggregates_map_[access.cf_name];
  SSTFileAccessInfoAggregate& file_aggr =
      cf_aggr.fd_aggregates_map[access.sst_fd_number];
  file_aggr.level = access.level;
  BlockTypeAccessInfoAggregate& block_type_aggr =
      file_aggr.block_type_aggregates_map[access.block_type];
  BlockAccessInfo& block_access_info =
      block_type_aggr.block_access_info_map[access.block_key];
  block_access_info.AddAccess(access);
}

Status BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::Analyze() {
  std::unique_ptr<TraceReader> trace_reader;
  Status s =
      NewFileTraceReader(env_, EnvOptions(), trace_file_path_, &trace_reader);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  BlockCacheTraceReader reader(std::move(trace_reader));
  s = reader.ReadHeader(&header_);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  while (s.ok()) {
    BlockCacheTraceRecord access;
    s = reader.ReadAccess(&access);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }
    RecordAccess(access);
    if (cache_simulator_) {
      cache_simulator_->Access(access);
    }
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::PrintBlockSizeStats() const {
  HistogramStat bs_stats;
  std::map<TraceType, HistogramStat> bt_stats_map;
  std::map<std::string, std::map<TraceType, HistogramStat>> cf_bt_stats_map;
  for (auto const& cf_aggregates : cf_aggregates_map_) {
    // Stats per column family.
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_aggregates.first;
    for (auto const& file_aggregates : cf_aggregates.second.fd_aggregates_map) {
      // Stats per SST file.
      for (auto const& block_type_aggregates :
           file_aggregates.second.block_type_aggregates_map) {
        // Stats per block type.
        const TraceType type = block_type_aggregates.first;
        for (auto const& block_access_info :
             block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map) {
          // Stats per block.
          bs_stats.Add(block_access_info.second.block_size);
          bt_stats_map[type].Add(block_access_info.second.block_size);
          cf_bt_stats_map[cf_name][type].Add(
              block_access_info.second.block_size);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  fprintf(stdout, "Block size stats: \n%s", bs_stats.ToString().c_str());
  for (auto const& bt_stats : bt_stats_map) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Block size stats for block type %s: \n%s",
            block_type_to_string(bt_stats.first).c_str(),
            bt_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
  }
  for (auto const& cf_bt_stats : cf_bt_stats_map) {
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_bt_stats.first;
    for (auto const& bt_stats : cf_bt_stats.second) {
      print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
      fprintf(stdout,
              "Block size stats for column family %s and block type %s: \n%s",
              cf_name.c_str(), block_type_to_string(bt_stats.first).c_str(),
              bt_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
    }
  }
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::PrintAccessCountStats() const {
  HistogramStat access_stats;
  std::map<TraceType, HistogramStat> bt_stats_map;
  std::map<std::string, std::map<TraceType, HistogramStat>> cf_bt_stats_map;
  for (auto const& cf_aggregates : cf_aggregates_map_) {
    // Stats per column family.
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_aggregates.first;
    for (auto const& file_aggregates : cf_aggregates.second.fd_aggregates_map) {
      // Stats per SST file.
      for (auto const& block_type_aggregates :
           file_aggregates.second.block_type_aggregates_map) {
        // Stats per block type.
        const TraceType type = block_type_aggregates.first;
        for (auto const& block_access_info :
             block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map) {
          // Stats per block.
          access_stats.Add(block_access_info.second.num_accesses);
          bt_stats_map[type].Add(block_access_info.second.num_accesses);
          cf_bt_stats_map[cf_name][type].Add(
              block_access_info.second.num_accesses);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  fprintf(stdout, "Block access count stats: \n%s",
          access_stats.ToString().c_str());
  for (auto const& bt_stats : bt_stats_map) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Block access count stats for block type %s: \n%s",
            block_type_to_string(bt_stats.first).c_str(),
            bt_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
  }
  for (auto const& cf_bt_stats : cf_bt_stats_map) {
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_bt_stats.first;
    for (auto const& bt_stats : cf_bt_stats.second) {
      print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
      fprintf(stdout,
              "Block access count stats for column family %s and block type "
              "%s: \n%s",
              cf_name.c_str(), block_type_to_string(bt_stats.first).c_str(),
              bt_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
    }
  }
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::PrintDataBlockAccessStats() const {
  HistogramStat existing_keys_stats;
  std::map<std::string, HistogramStat> cf_existing_keys_stats_map;
  HistogramStat non_existing_keys_stats;
  std::map<std::string, HistogramStat> cf_non_existing_keys_stats_map;
  HistogramStat block_access_stats;
  std::map<std::string, HistogramStat> cf_block_access_info;

  for (auto const& cf_aggregates : cf_aggregates_map_) {
    // Stats per column family.
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_aggregates.first;
    for (auto const& file_aggregates : cf_aggregates.second.fd_aggregates_map) {
      // Stats per SST file.
      for (auto const& block_type_aggregates :
           file_aggregates.second.block_type_aggregates_map) {
        // Stats per block type.
        for (auto const& block_access_info :
             block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map) {
          // Stats per block.
          if (block_access_info.second.num_keys == 0) {
            continue;
          }
          // Use four decimal points.
          uint64_t percent_referenced_for_existing_keys = (uint64_t)(
              ((double)block_access_info.second.key_num_access_map.size() /
               (double)block_access_info.second.num_keys) *
              10000.0);
          uint64_t percent_referenced_for_non_existing_keys =
              (uint64_t)(((double)block_access_info.second
                              .non_exist_key_num_access_map.size() /
                          (double)block_access_info.second.num_keys) *
                         10000.0);
          uint64_t percent_accesses_for_existing_keys = (uint64_t)(
              ((double)
                   block_access_info.second.num_referenced_key_exist_in_block /
               (double)block_access_info.second.num_accesses) *
              10000.0);
          existing_keys_stats.Add(percent_referenced_for_existing_keys);
          cf_existing_keys_stats_map[cf_name].Add(
              percent_referenced_for_existing_keys);
          non_existing_keys_stats.Add(percent_referenced_for_non_existing_keys);
          cf_non_existing_keys_stats_map[cf_name].Add(
              percent_referenced_for_non_existing_keys);
          block_access_stats.Add(percent_accesses_for_existing_keys);
          cf_block_access_info[cf_name].Add(percent_accesses_for_existing_keys);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  fprintf(stdout,
          "Histogram on percentage of referenced keys existing in a block over "
          "the total number of keys in a block: \n%s",
          existing_keys_stats.ToString().c_str());
  for (auto const& cf_stats : cf_existing_keys_stats_map) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Break down by column family %s: \n%s",
            cf_stats.first.c_str(), cf_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
  }
  print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
  fprintf(
      stdout,
      "Histogram on percentage of referenced keys DO NOT exist in a block over "
      "the total number of keys in a block: \n%s",
      non_existing_keys_stats.ToString().c_str());
  for (auto const& cf_stats : cf_non_existing_keys_stats_map) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Break down by column family %s: \n%s",
            cf_stats.first.c_str(), cf_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
  }
  print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
  fprintf(stdout,
          "Histogram on percentage of accesses on keys exist in a block over "
          "the total number of accesses in a block: \n%s",
          block_access_stats.ToString().c_str());
  for (auto const& cf_stats : cf_block_access_info) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Break down by column family %s: \n%s",
            cf_stats.first.c_str(), cf_stats.second.ToString().c_str());
  }
}

void BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer::PrintStatsSummary() const {
  uint64_t total_num_files = 0;
  uint64_t total_num_blocks = 0;
  uint64_t total_num_accesses = 0;
  std::map<TraceType, uint64_t> bt_num_blocks_map;
  std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, uint64_t> caller_num_access_map;
  std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, std::map<TraceType, uint64_t>>
      caller_bt_num_access_map;
  std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, std::map<uint32_t, uint64_t>>
      caller_level_num_access_map;
  for (auto const& cf_aggregates : cf_aggregates_map_) {
    // Stats per column family.
    const std::string& cf_name = cf_aggregates.first;
    uint64_t cf_num_files = 0;
    uint64_t cf_num_blocks = 0;
    std::map<TraceType, uint64_t> cf_bt_blocks;
    uint64_t cf_num_accesses = 0;
    std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, uint64_t> cf_caller_num_accesses_map;
    std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t>>
        cf_caller_level_num_accesses_map;
    std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t>>
        cf_caller_file_num_accesses_map;
    std::map<BlockCacheLookupCaller, std::map<TraceType, uint64_t>>
        cf_caller_bt_num_accesses_map;
    total_num_files += cf_aggregates.second.fd_aggregates_map.size();
    for (auto const& file_aggregates : cf_aggregates.second.fd_aggregates_map) {
      // Stats per SST file.
      const uint64_t fd = file_aggregates.first;
      const uint32_t level = file_aggregates.second.level;
      cf_num_files++;
      for (auto const& block_type_aggregates :
           file_aggregates.second.block_type_aggregates_map) {
        // Stats per block type.
        const TraceType type = block_type_aggregates.first;
        cf_bt_blocks[type] +=
            block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map.size();
        total_num_blocks +=
            block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map.size();
        bt_num_blocks_map[type] +=
            block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map.size();
        for (auto const& block_access_info :
             block_type_aggregates.second.block_access_info_map) {
          // Stats per block.
          cf_num_blocks++;
          for (auto const& stats :
               block_access_info.second.caller_num_access_map) {
            // Stats per caller.
            const BlockCacheLookupCaller caller = stats.first;
            const uint64_t num_accesses = stats.second;
            // Overall stats.
            total_num_accesses += num_accesses;
            caller_num_access_map[caller] += num_accesses;
            caller_bt_num_access_map[caller][type] += num_accesses;
            caller_level_num_access_map[caller][level] += num_accesses;
            // Column Family stats.
            cf_num_accesses++;
            cf_caller_num_accesses_map[caller] += num_accesses;
            cf_caller_level_num_accesses_map[caller][level] += num_accesses;
            cf_caller_file_num_accesses_map[caller][fd] += num_accesses;
            cf_caller_bt_num_accesses_map[caller][type] += num_accesses;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // Print stats.
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
    fprintf(stdout, "Statistics for column family %s:\n", cf_name.c_str());
    fprintf(stdout,
            "Number of files:%" PRIu64 "Number of blocks: %" PRIu64
            "Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
            cf_num_files, cf_num_blocks, cf_num_accesses);
    for (auto block_type : cf_bt_blocks) {
      fprintf(stdout, "Number of %s blocks: %" PRIu64 "\n",
              block_type_to_string(block_type.first).c_str(),
              block_type.second);
    }
    for (auto caller : cf_caller_num_accesses_map) {
      print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
      fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses %" PRIu64 "\n",
              caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str(), caller.second);
      fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses per level break down\n",
              caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str());
      for (auto naccess_level :
           cf_caller_level_num_accesses_map[caller.first]) {
        fprintf(stdout,
                "\t Level %" PRIu64 ": Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
                naccess_level.first, naccess_level.second);
      }
      fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses per file break down\n",
              caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str());
      for (auto naccess_file : cf_caller_file_num_accesses_map[caller.first]) {
        fprintf(stdout,
                "\t File %" PRIu64 ": Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
                naccess_file.first, naccess_file.second);
      }
      fprintf(stdout,
              "Caller %s: Number of accesses per block type break down\n",
              caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str());
      for (auto naccess_type : cf_caller_bt_num_accesses_map[caller.first]) {
        fprintf(stdout, "\t Block Type %s: Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
                block_type_to_string(naccess_type.first).c_str(),
                naccess_type.second);
      }
    }
  }
  print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
  fprintf(stdout, "Overall statistics:\n");
  fprintf(stdout,
          "Number of files: %" PRIu64 " Number of blocks: %" PRIu64
          " Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
          total_num_files, total_num_blocks, total_num_accesses);
  for (auto block_type : bt_num_blocks_map) {
    fprintf(stdout, "Number of %s blocks: %" PRIu64 "\n",
            block_type_to_string(block_type.first).c_str(), block_type.second);
  }
  for (auto caller : caller_num_access_map) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/1);
    fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses %" PRIu64 "\n",
            caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str(), caller.second);
    fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses per level break down\n",
            caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str());
    for (auto naccess_level : caller_level_num_access_map[caller.first]) {
      fprintf(stdout, "\t Level %d: Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
              naccess_level.first, naccess_level.second);
    }
    fprintf(stdout, "Caller %s: Number of accesses per block type break down\n",
            caller_to_string(caller.first).c_str());
    for (auto naccess_type : caller_bt_num_access_map[caller.first]) {
      fprintf(stdout, "\t Block Type %s: Number of accesses: %" PRIu64 "\n",
              block_type_to_string(naccess_type.first).c_str(),
              naccess_type.second);
    }
  }
}

std::vector<CacheConfiguration> parse_cache_config_file(
    const std::string& config_path) {
  std::ifstream file(config_path);
  if (!file.is_open()) {
    return {};
  }
  std::vector<CacheConfiguration> configs;
  std::string line;
  while (getline(file, line)) {
    CacheConfiguration cache_config;
    std::stringstream ss(line);
    std::vector<std::string> config_strs;
    while (ss.good()) {
      std::string substr;
      getline(ss, substr, ',');
      config_strs.push_back(substr);
    }
    // Sanity checks.
    if (config_strs.size() < 3) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Invalid cache simulator configuration %s\n",
              line.c_str());
      exit(1);
    }
    if (config_strs[0] != "lru") {
      fprintf(stderr, "We only support LRU cache %s\n", line.c_str());
      exit(1);
    }
    cache_config.cache_name = config_strs[0];
    cache_config.num_shard_bits = ParseUint32(config_strs[1]);
    for (uint32_t i = 2; i < config_strs.size(); i++) {
      uint64_t capacity = ParseUint64(config_strs[i]);
      if (capacity == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid cache capacity %s, %s\n",
                config_strs[i].c_str(), line.c_str());
        exit(1);
      }
      cache_config.cache_capacities.push_back(capacity);
    }
    configs.push_back(cache_config);
  }
  file.close();
  return configs;
}

int block_cache_trace_analyzer_tool(int argc, char** argv) {
  ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
  if (FLAGS_block_cache_trace_path.empty()) {
    fprintf(stderr, "block cache trace path is empty\n");
    exit(1);
  }
  uint64_t warmup_seconds =
      FLAGS_cache_sim_warmup_seconds > 0 ? FLAGS_cache_sim_warmup_seconds : 0;
  std::vector<CacheConfiguration> cache_configs =
      parse_cache_config_file(FLAGS_block_cache_sim_config_path);
  std::unique_ptr<BlockCacheTraceSimulator> cache_simulator;
  if (!cache_configs.empty()) {
    cache_simulator.reset(
        new BlockCacheTraceSimulator(warmup_seconds, cache_configs));
  }
  BlockCacheTraceAnalyzer analyzer(FLAGS_block_cache_trace_path,
                                   FLAGS_output_miss_ratio_curve_path,
                                   std::move(cache_simulator));
  Status s = analyzer.Analyze();
  if (!s.IsIncomplete()) {
    // Read all traces.
    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot process the trace %s\n", s.ToString().c_str());
    exit(1);
  }

  analyzer.PrintStatsSummary();
  if (FLAGS_print_access_count_stats) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
    analyzer.PrintAccessCountStats();
  }
  if (FLAGS_print_block_size_stats) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
    analyzer.PrintBlockSizeStats();
  }
  if (FLAGS_print_data_block_access_count_stats) {
    print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
    analyzer.PrintDataBlockAccessStats();
  }
  print_break_lines(/*num_break_lines=*/3);
  analyzer.PrintMissRatioCurves();
  return 0;
}

}  // namespace rocksdb

#endif  // GFLAGS
#endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE