rocksdb/db/compaction_picker.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//  This source code is also licensed under the GPLv2 license found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory of this source tree.
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include "db/compaction_picker.h"

#ifndef __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
#endif

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include "db/column_family.h"
#include "monitoring/statistics.h"
#include "util/filename.h"
#include "util/log_buffer.h"
#include "util/random.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"
#include "util/sync_point.h"

namespace rocksdb {

namespace {
uint64_t TotalCompensatedFileSize(const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& files) {
  uint64_t sum = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < files.size() && files[i]; i++) {
    sum += files[i]->compensated_file_size;
  }
  return sum;
}
}  // anonymous namespace

// Determine compression type, based on user options, level of the output
// file and whether compression is disabled.
// If enable_compression is false, then compression is always disabled no
// matter what the values of the other two parameters are.
// Otherwise, the compression type is determined based on options and level.
CompressionType GetCompressionType(const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
                                   const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                                   const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                                   int level, int base_level,
                                   const bool enable_compression) {
  if (!enable_compression) {
    // disable compression
    return kNoCompression;
  }

  // If bottommost_compression is set and we are compacting to the
  // bottommost level then we should use it.
  if (ioptions.bottommost_compression != kDisableCompressionOption &&
      level > base_level && level >= (vstorage->num_non_empty_levels() - 1)) {
    return ioptions.bottommost_compression;
  }
  // If the user has specified a different compression level for each level,
  // then pick the compression for that level.
  if (!ioptions.compression_per_level.empty()) {
    assert(level == 0 || level >= base_level);
    int idx = (level == 0) ? 0 : level - base_level + 1;

    const int n = static_cast<int>(ioptions.compression_per_level.size()) - 1;
    // It is possible for level_ to be -1; in that case, we use level
    // 0's compression.  This occurs mostly in backwards compatibility
    // situations when the builder doesn't know what level the file
    // belongs to.  Likewise, if level is beyond the end of the
    // specified compression levels, use the last value.
    return ioptions.compression_per_level[std::max(0, std::min(idx, n))];
  } else {
    return mutable_cf_options.compression;
  }
}

CompactionPicker::CompactionPicker(const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
                                   const InternalKeyComparator* icmp)
    : ioptions_(ioptions), icmp_(icmp) {}

CompactionPicker::~CompactionPicker() {}

// Delete this compaction from the list of running compactions.
void CompactionPicker::ReleaseCompactionFiles(Compaction* c, Status status) {
  UnregisterCompaction(c);
  if (!status.ok()) {
    c->ResetNextCompactionIndex();
  }
}

void CompactionPicker::GetRange(const CompactionInputFiles& inputs,
                                InternalKey* smallest,
                                InternalKey* largest) const {
  const int level = inputs.level;
  assert(!inputs.empty());
  smallest->Clear();
  largest->Clear();

  if (level == 0) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.size(); i++) {
      FileMetaData* f = inputs[i];
      if (i == 0) {
        *smallest = f->smallest;
        *largest = f->largest;
      } else {
        if (icmp_->Compare(f->smallest, *smallest) < 0) {
          *smallest = f->smallest;
        }
        if (icmp_->Compare(f->largest, *largest) > 0) {
          *largest = f->largest;
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    *smallest = inputs[0]->smallest;
    *largest = inputs[inputs.size() - 1]->largest;
  }
}

void CompactionPicker::GetRange(const CompactionInputFiles& inputs1,
                                const CompactionInputFiles& inputs2,
                                InternalKey* smallest,
                                InternalKey* largest) const {
  assert(!inputs1.empty() || !inputs2.empty());
  if (inputs1.empty()) {
    GetRange(inputs2, smallest, largest);
  } else if (inputs2.empty()) {
    GetRange(inputs1, smallest, largest);
  } else {
    InternalKey smallest1, smallest2, largest1, largest2;
    GetRange(inputs1, &smallest1, &largest1);
    GetRange(inputs2, &smallest2, &largest2);
    *smallest =
        icmp_->Compare(smallest1, smallest2) < 0 ? smallest1 : smallest2;
    *largest = icmp_->Compare(largest1, largest2) < 0 ? largest2 : largest1;
  }
}

void CompactionPicker::GetRange(const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs,
                                InternalKey* smallest,
                                InternalKey* largest) const {
  InternalKey current_smallest;
  InternalKey current_largest;
  bool initialized = false;
  for (const auto& in : inputs) {
    if (in.empty()) {
      continue;
    }
    GetRange(in, &current_smallest, &current_largest);
    if (!initialized) {
      *smallest = current_smallest;
      *largest = current_largest;
      initialized = true;
    } else {
      if (icmp_->Compare(current_smallest, *smallest) < 0) {
        *smallest = current_smallest;
      }
      if (icmp_->Compare(current_largest, *largest) > 0) {
        *largest = current_largest;
      }
    }
  }
  assert(initialized);
}

bool CompactionPicker::ExpandInputsToCleanCut(const std::string& cf_name,
                                              VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                                              CompactionInputFiles* inputs) {
  // This isn't good compaction
  assert(!inputs->empty());

  const int level = inputs->level;
  // GetOverlappingInputs will always do the right thing for level-0.
  // So we don't need to do any expansion if level == 0.
  if (level == 0) {
    return true;
  }

  InternalKey smallest, largest;

  // Keep expanding inputs until we are sure that there is a "clean cut"
  // boundary between the files in input and the surrounding files.
  // This will ensure that no parts of a key are lost during compaction.
  int hint_index = -1;
  size_t old_size;
  do {
    old_size = inputs->size();
    GetRange(*inputs, &smallest, &largest);
    inputs->clear();
    vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(level, &smallest, &largest, &inputs->files,
                                   hint_index, &hint_index);
  } while (inputs->size() > old_size);

  // we started off with inputs non-empty and the previous loop only grew
  // inputs. thus, inputs should be non-empty here
  assert(!inputs->empty());

  // If, after the expansion, there are files that are already under
  // compaction, then we must drop/cancel this compaction.
  if (AreFilesInCompaction(inputs->files)) {
    ROCKS_LOG_WARN(
        ioptions_.info_log,
        "[%s] ExpandWhileOverlapping() failure because some of the necessary"
        " compaction input files are currently being compacted.",
        cf_name.c_str());
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool CompactionPicker::RangeOverlapWithCompaction(
    const Slice& smallest_user_key, const Slice& largest_user_key,
    int level) const {
  const Comparator* ucmp = icmp_->user_comparator();
  for (Compaction* c : compactions_in_progress_) {
    if (c->output_level() == level &&
        ucmp->Compare(smallest_user_key, c->GetLargestUserKey()) <= 0 &&
        ucmp->Compare(largest_user_key, c->GetSmallestUserKey()) >= 0) {
      // Overlap
      return true;
    }
  }
  // Did not overlap with any running compaction in level `level`
  return false;
}

bool CompactionPicker::FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& inputs, int level) const {
  bool is_empty = true;
  for (auto& in : inputs) {
    if (!in.empty()) {
      is_empty = false;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (is_empty) {
    // No files in inputs
    return false;
  }

  InternalKey smallest, largest;
  GetRange(inputs, &smallest, &largest);
  return RangeOverlapWithCompaction(smallest.user_key(), largest.user_key(),
                                    level);
}

// Returns true if any one of specified files are being compacted
bool CompactionPicker::AreFilesInCompaction(
    const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& files) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < files.size(); i++) {
    if (files[i]->being_compacted) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactFiles(
    const CompactionOptions& compact_options,
    const std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>& input_files, int output_level,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    uint32_t output_path_id) {
  assert(input_files.size());

  // TODO(rven ): we might be able to run concurrent level 0 compaction
  // if the key ranges of the two compactions do not overlap, but for now
  // we do not allow it.
  if ((input_files[0].level == 0) && !level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty()) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  // This compaction output could overlap with a running compaction
  if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(input_files, output_level)) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  auto c =
      new Compaction(vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, input_files,
                     output_level, compact_options.output_file_size_limit,
                     mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes, output_path_id,
                     compact_options.compression, /* grandparents */ {}, true);

  // If it's level 0 compaction, make sure we don't execute any other level 0
  // compactions in parallel
  RegisterCompaction(c);
  return c;
}

Status CompactionPicker::GetCompactionInputsFromFileNumbers(
    std::vector<CompactionInputFiles>* input_files,
    std::unordered_set<uint64_t>* input_set, const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
    const CompactionOptions& compact_options) const {
  if (input_set->size() == 0U) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(
        "Compaction must include at least one file.");
  }
  assert(input_files);

  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> matched_input_files;
  matched_input_files.resize(vstorage->num_levels());
  int first_non_empty_level = -1;
  int last_non_empty_level = -1;
  // TODO(yhchiang): use a lazy-initialized mapping from
  //                 file_number to FileMetaData in Version.
  for (int level = 0; level < vstorage->num_levels(); ++level) {
    for (auto file : vstorage->LevelFiles(level)) {
      auto iter = input_set->find(file->fd.GetNumber());
      if (iter != input_set->end()) {
        matched_input_files[level].files.push_back(file);
        input_set->erase(iter);
        last_non_empty_level = level;
        if (first_non_empty_level == -1) {
          first_non_empty_level = level;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (!input_set->empty()) {
    std::string message(
        "Cannot find matched SST files for the following file numbers:");
    for (auto fn : *input_set) {
      message += " ";
      message += ToString(fn);
    }
    return Status::InvalidArgument(message);
  }

  for (int level = first_non_empty_level; level <= last_non_empty_level;
       ++level) {
    matched_input_files[level].level = level;
    input_files->emplace_back(std::move(matched_input_files[level]));
  }

  return Status::OK();
}

// Returns true if any one of the parent files are being compacted
bool CompactionPicker::IsRangeInCompaction(VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                                           const InternalKey* smallest,
                                           const InternalKey* largest,
                                           int level, int* level_index) {
  std::vector<FileMetaData*> inputs;
  assert(level < NumberLevels());

  vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(level, smallest, largest, &inputs,
                                 *level_index, level_index);
  return AreFilesInCompaction(inputs);
}

// Populates the set of inputs of all other levels that overlap with the
// start level.
// Now we assume all levels except start level and output level are empty.
// Will also attempt to expand "start level" if that doesn't expand
// "output level" or cause "level" to include a file for compaction that has an
// overlapping user-key with another file.
// REQUIRES: input_level and output_level are different
// REQUIRES: inputs->empty() == false
// Returns false if files on parent level are currently in compaction, which
// means that we can't compact them
bool CompactionPicker::SetupOtherInputs(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, CompactionInputFiles* inputs,
    CompactionInputFiles* output_level_inputs, int* parent_index,
    int base_index) {
  assert(!inputs->empty());
  assert(output_level_inputs->empty());
  const int input_level = inputs->level;
  const int output_level = output_level_inputs->level;
  assert(input_level != output_level);

  // For now, we only support merging two levels, start level and output level.
  // We need to assert other levels are empty.
  for (int l = input_level + 1; l < output_level; l++) {
    assert(vstorage->NumLevelFiles(l) == 0);
  }

  InternalKey smallest, largest;

  // Get the range one last time.
  GetRange(*inputs, &smallest, &largest);

  // Populate the set of next-level files (inputs_GetOutputLevelInputs()) to
  // include in compaction
  vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(output_level, &smallest, &largest,
                                 &output_level_inputs->files, *parent_index,
                                 parent_index);
  if (AreFilesInCompaction(output_level_inputs->files)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (!output_level_inputs->empty()) {
    if (!ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage, output_level_inputs)) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  // See if we can further grow the number of inputs in "level" without
  // changing the number of "level+1" files we pick up. We also choose NOT
  // to expand if this would cause "level" to include some entries for some
  // user key, while excluding other entries for the same user key. This
  // can happen when one user key spans multiple files.
  if (!output_level_inputs->empty()) {
    const uint64_t limit = mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes;
    const uint64_t output_level_inputs_size =
        TotalCompensatedFileSize(output_level_inputs->files);
    const uint64_t inputs_size = TotalCompensatedFileSize(inputs->files);
    bool expand_inputs = false;

    CompactionInputFiles expanded_inputs;
    expanded_inputs.level = input_level;
    // Get closed interval of output level
    InternalKey all_start, all_limit;
    GetRange(*inputs, *output_level_inputs, &all_start, &all_limit);
    bool try_overlapping_inputs = true;
    vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, &all_start, &all_limit,
                                   &expanded_inputs.files, base_index, nullptr);
    uint64_t expanded_inputs_size =
        TotalCompensatedFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
    if (!ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage, &expanded_inputs)) {
      try_overlapping_inputs = false;
    }
    if (try_overlapping_inputs && expanded_inputs.size() > inputs->size() &&
        output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit &&
        !AreFilesInCompaction(expanded_inputs.files)) {
      InternalKey new_start, new_limit;
      GetRange(expanded_inputs, &new_start, &new_limit);
      CompactionInputFiles expanded_output_level_inputs;
      expanded_output_level_inputs.level = output_level;
      vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(output_level, &new_start, &new_limit,
                                     &expanded_output_level_inputs.files,
                                     *parent_index, parent_index);
      assert(!expanded_output_level_inputs.empty());
      if (!AreFilesInCompaction(expanded_output_level_inputs.files) &&
          ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage,
                                 &expanded_output_level_inputs) &&
          expanded_output_level_inputs.size() == output_level_inputs->size()) {
        expand_inputs = true;
      }
    }
    if (!expand_inputs) {
      vstorage->GetCleanInputsWithinInterval(input_level, &all_start,
                                             &all_limit, &expanded_inputs.files,
                                             base_index, nullptr);
      expanded_inputs_size = TotalCompensatedFileSize(expanded_inputs.files);
      if (expanded_inputs.size() > inputs->size() &&
          output_level_inputs_size + expanded_inputs_size < limit &&
          !AreFilesInCompaction(expanded_inputs.files)) {
        expand_inputs = true;
      }
    }
    if (expand_inputs) {
      ROCKS_LOG_INFO(ioptions_.info_log,
                     "[%s] Expanding@%d %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt "+%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
                     "(%" PRIu64 "+%" PRIu64 " bytes) to %" ROCKSDB_PRIszt
                     "+%" ROCKSDB_PRIszt " (%" PRIu64 "+%" PRIu64 "bytes)\n",
                     cf_name.c_str(), input_level, inputs->size(),
                     output_level_inputs->size(), inputs_size,
                     output_level_inputs_size, expanded_inputs.size(),
                     output_level_inputs->size(), expanded_inputs_size,
                     output_level_inputs_size);
      inputs->files = expanded_inputs.files;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

void CompactionPicker::GetGrandparents(
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, const CompactionInputFiles& inputs,
    const CompactionInputFiles& output_level_inputs,
    std::vector<FileMetaData*>* grandparents) {
  InternalKey start, limit;
  GetRange(inputs, output_level_inputs, &start, &limit);
  // Compute the set of grandparent files that overlap this compaction
  // (parent == level+1; grandparent == level+2)
  if (output_level_inputs.level + 1 < NumberLevels()) {
    vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(output_level_inputs.level + 1, &start,
                                   &limit, grandparents);
  }
}

Compaction* CompactionPicker::CompactRange(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, int input_level, int output_level,
    uint32_t output_path_id, const InternalKey* begin, const InternalKey* end,
    InternalKey** compaction_end, bool* manual_conflict) {
  // CompactionPickerFIFO has its own implementation of compact range
  assert(ioptions_.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleFIFO);

  if (input_level == ColumnFamilyData::kCompactAllLevels) {
    assert(ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal);

    // Universal compaction with more than one level always compacts all the
    // files together to the last level.
    assert(vstorage->num_levels() > 1);
    // DBImpl::CompactRange() set output level to be the last level
    assert(output_level == vstorage->num_levels() - 1);
    // DBImpl::RunManualCompaction will make full range for universal compaction
    assert(begin == nullptr);
    assert(end == nullptr);
    *compaction_end = nullptr;

    int start_level = 0;
    for (; start_level < vstorage->num_levels() &&
           vstorage->NumLevelFiles(start_level) == 0;
         start_level++) {
    }
    if (start_level == vstorage->num_levels()) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    if ((start_level == 0) && (!level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty())) {
      *manual_conflict = true;
      // Only one level 0 compaction allowed
      return nullptr;
    }

    std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> inputs(vstorage->num_levels() -
                                             start_level);
    for (int level = start_level; level < vstorage->num_levels(); level++) {
      inputs[level - start_level].level = level;
      auto& files = inputs[level - start_level].files;
      for (FileMetaData* f : vstorage->LevelFiles(level)) {
        files.push_back(f);
      }
      if (AreFilesInCompaction(files)) {
        *manual_conflict = true;
        return nullptr;
      }
    }

    // 2 non-exclusive manual compactions could run at the same time producing
    // overlaping outputs in the same level.
    if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(inputs, output_level)) {
      // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
      // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
      *manual_conflict = true;
      return nullptr;
    }

    Compaction* c = new Compaction(
        vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, std::move(inputs),
        output_level, mutable_cf_options.MaxFileSizeForLevel(output_level),
        /* max_compaction_bytes */ LLONG_MAX, output_path_id,
        GetCompressionType(ioptions_, vstorage, mutable_cf_options,
                           output_level, 1),
        /* grandparents */ {}, /* is manual */ true);
    RegisterCompaction(c);
    return c;
  }

  CompactionInputFiles inputs;
  inputs.level = input_level;
  bool covering_the_whole_range = true;

  // All files are 'overlapping' in universal style compaction.
  // We have to compact the entire range in one shot.
  if (ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
    begin = nullptr;
    end = nullptr;
  }

  vstorage->GetOverlappingInputs(input_level, begin, end, &inputs.files);
  if (inputs.empty()) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  if ((input_level == 0) && (!level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty())) {
    // Only one level 0 compaction allowed
    TEST_SYNC_POINT("CompactionPicker::CompactRange:Conflict");
    *manual_conflict = true;
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Avoid compacting too much in one shot in case the range is large.
  // But we cannot do this for level-0 since level-0 files can overlap
  // and we must not pick one file and drop another older file if the
  // two files overlap.
  if (input_level > 0) {
    const uint64_t limit = mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes;
    uint64_t total = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < inputs.size(); ++i) {
      uint64_t s = inputs[i]->compensated_file_size;
      total += s;
      if (total >= limit) {
        **compaction_end = inputs[i + 1]->smallest;
        covering_the_whole_range = false;
        inputs.files.resize(i + 1);
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  assert(output_path_id < static_cast<uint32_t>(ioptions_.db_paths.size()));

  if (ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name, vstorage, &inputs) == false) {
    // manual compaction is now multi-threaded, so it can
    // happen that ExpandWhileOverlapping fails
    // we handle it higher in RunManualCompaction
    *manual_conflict = true;
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (covering_the_whole_range) {
    *compaction_end = nullptr;
  }

  CompactionInputFiles output_level_inputs;
  if (output_level == ColumnFamilyData::kCompactToBaseLevel) {
    assert(input_level == 0);
    output_level = vstorage->base_level();
    assert(output_level > 0);
  }
  output_level_inputs.level = output_level;
  if (input_level != output_level) {
    int parent_index = -1;
    if (!SetupOtherInputs(cf_name, mutable_cf_options, vstorage, &inputs,
                          &output_level_inputs, &parent_index, -1)) {
      // manual compaction is now multi-threaded, so it can
      // happen that SetupOtherInputs fails
      // we handle it higher in RunManualCompaction
      *manual_conflict = true;
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> compaction_inputs({inputs});
  if (!output_level_inputs.empty()) {
    compaction_inputs.push_back(output_level_inputs);
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < compaction_inputs.size(); i++) {
    if (AreFilesInCompaction(compaction_inputs[i].files)) {
      *manual_conflict = true;
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  // 2 non-exclusive manual compactions could run at the same time producing
  // overlaping outputs in the same level.
  if (FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(compaction_inputs, output_level)) {
    // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
    // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
    *manual_conflict = true;
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<FileMetaData*> grandparents;
  GetGrandparents(vstorage, inputs, output_level_inputs, &grandparents);
  Compaction* compaction = new Compaction(
      vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, std::move(compaction_inputs),
      output_level, mutable_cf_options.MaxFileSizeForLevel(output_level),
      mutable_cf_options.max_compaction_bytes, output_path_id,
      GetCompressionType(ioptions_, vstorage, mutable_cf_options, output_level,
                         vstorage->base_level()),
      std::move(grandparents), /* is manual compaction */ true);

  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("CompactionPicker::CompactRange:Return", compaction);
  RegisterCompaction(compaction);

  // Creating a compaction influences the compaction score because the score
  // takes running compactions into account (by skipping files that are already
  // being compacted). Since we just changed compaction score, we recalculate it
  // here
  vstorage->ComputeCompactionScore(ioptions_, mutable_cf_options);

  return compaction;
}

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
namespace {
// Test whether two files have overlapping key-ranges.
bool HaveOverlappingKeyRanges(const Comparator* c, const SstFileMetaData& a,
                              const SstFileMetaData& b) {
  if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
    if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
      // b.smallestkey <= a.smallestkey <= b.largestkey
      return true;
    }
  } else if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
    // a.smallestkey < b.smallestkey <= a.largestkey
    return true;
  }
  if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
    if (c->Compare(a.largestkey, b.smallestkey) >= 0) {
      // b.smallestkey <= a.largestkey <= b.largestkey
      return true;
    }
  } else if (c->Compare(a.smallestkey, b.largestkey) <= 0) {
    // a.smallestkey <= b.largestkey < a.largestkey
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
}  // namespace

Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeCompactionInputFilesForAllLevels(
    std::unordered_set<uint64_t>* input_files,
    const ColumnFamilyMetaData& cf_meta, const int output_level) const {
  auto& levels = cf_meta.levels;
  auto comparator = icmp_->user_comparator();

  // TODO(yhchiang): If there is any input files of L1 or up and there
  // is at least one L0 files. All L0 files older than the L0 file needs
  // to be included. Otherwise, it is a false conditoin

  // TODO(yhchiang): add is_adjustable to CompactionOptions

  // the smallest and largest key of the current compaction input
  std::string smallestkey;
  std::string largestkey;
  // a flag for initializing smallest and largest key
  bool is_first = false;
  const int kNotFound = -1;

  // For each level, it does the following things:
  // 1. Find the first and the last compaction input files
  //    in the current level.
  // 2. Include all files between the first and the last
  //    compaction input files.
  // 3. Update the compaction key-range.
  // 4. For all remaining levels, include files that have
  //    overlapping key-range with the compaction key-range.
  for (int l = 0; l <= output_level; ++l) {
    auto& current_files = levels[l].files;
    int first_included = static_cast<int>(current_files.size());
    int last_included = kNotFound;

    // identify the first and the last compaction input files
    // in the current level.
    for (size_t f = 0; f < current_files.size(); ++f) {
      if (input_files->find(TableFileNameToNumber(current_files[f].name)) !=
          input_files->end()) {
        first_included = std::min(first_included, static_cast<int>(f));
        last_included = std::max(last_included, static_cast<int>(f));
        if (is_first == false) {
          smallestkey = current_files[f].smallestkey;
          largestkey = current_files[f].largestkey;
          is_first = true;
        }
      }
    }
    if (last_included == kNotFound) {
      continue;
    }

    if (l != 0) {
      // expend the compaction input of the current level if it
      // has overlapping key-range with other non-compaction input
      // files in the same level.
      while (first_included > 0) {
        if (comparator->Compare(current_files[first_included - 1].largestkey,
                                current_files[first_included].smallestkey) <
            0) {
          break;
        }
        first_included--;
      }

      while (last_included < static_cast<int>(current_files.size()) - 1) {
        if (comparator->Compare(current_files[last_included + 1].smallestkey,
                                current_files[last_included].largestkey) > 0) {
          break;
        }
        last_included++;
      }
    }

    // include all files between the first and the last compaction input files.
    for (int f = first_included; f <= last_included; ++f) {
      if (current_files[f].being_compacted) {
        return Status::Aborted("Necessary compaction input file " +
                               current_files[f].name +
                               " is currently being compacted.");
      }
      input_files->insert(TableFileNameToNumber(current_files[f].name));
    }

    // update smallest and largest key
    if (l == 0) {
      for (int f = first_included; f <= last_included; ++f) {
        if (comparator->Compare(smallestkey, current_files[f].smallestkey) >
            0) {
          smallestkey = current_files[f].smallestkey;
        }
        if (comparator->Compare(largestkey, current_files[f].largestkey) < 0) {
          largestkey = current_files[f].largestkey;
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (comparator->Compare(smallestkey,
                              current_files[first_included].smallestkey) > 0) {
        smallestkey = current_files[first_included].smallestkey;
      }
      if (comparator->Compare(largestkey,
                              current_files[last_included].largestkey) < 0) {
        largestkey = current_files[last_included].largestkey;
      }
    }

    SstFileMetaData aggregated_file_meta;
    aggregated_file_meta.smallestkey = smallestkey;
    aggregated_file_meta.largestkey = largestkey;

    // For all lower levels, include all overlapping files.
    // We need to add overlapping files from the current level too because even
    // if there no input_files in level l, we would still need to add files
    // which overlap with the range containing the input_files in levels 0 to l
    // Level 0 doesn't need to be handled this way because files are sorted by
    // time and not by key
    for (int m = std::max(l, 1); m <= output_level; ++m) {
      for (auto& next_lv_file : levels[m].files) {
        if (HaveOverlappingKeyRanges(comparator, aggregated_file_meta,
                                     next_lv_file)) {
          if (next_lv_file.being_compacted) {
            return Status::Aborted(
                "File " + next_lv_file.name +
                " that has overlapping key range with one of the compaction "
                " input file is currently being compacted.");
          }
          input_files->insert(TableFileNameToNumber(next_lv_file.name));
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

Status CompactionPicker::SanitizeCompactionInputFiles(
    std::unordered_set<uint64_t>* input_files,
    const ColumnFamilyMetaData& cf_meta, const int output_level) const {
  assert(static_cast<int>(cf_meta.levels.size()) - 1 ==
         cf_meta.levels[cf_meta.levels.size() - 1].level);
  if (output_level >= static_cast<int>(cf_meta.levels.size())) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(
        "Output level for column family " + cf_meta.name +
        " must between [0, " +
        ToString(cf_meta.levels[cf_meta.levels.size() - 1].level) + "].");
  }

  if (output_level > MaxOutputLevel()) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(
        "Exceed the maximum output level defined by "
        "the current compaction algorithm --- " +
        ToString(MaxOutputLevel()));
  }

  if (output_level < 0) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument("Output level cannot be negative.");
  }

  if (input_files->size() == 0) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(
        "A compaction must contain at least one file.");
  }

  Status s = SanitizeCompactionInputFilesForAllLevels(input_files, cf_meta,
                                                      output_level);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }

  // for all input files, check whether the file number matches
  // any currently-existing files.
  for (auto file_num : *input_files) {
    bool found = false;
    for (auto level_meta : cf_meta.levels) {
      for (auto file_meta : level_meta.files) {
        if (file_num == TableFileNameToNumber(file_meta.name)) {
          if (file_meta.being_compacted) {
            return Status::Aborted("Specified compaction input file " +
                                   MakeTableFileName("", file_num) +
                                   " is already being compacted.");
          }
          found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (found) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!found) {
      return Status::InvalidArgument(
          "Specified compaction input file " + MakeTableFileName("", file_num) +
          " does not exist in column family " + cf_meta.name + ".");
    }
  }

  return Status::OK();
}
#endif  // !ROCKSDB_LITE

void CompactionPicker::RegisterCompaction(Compaction* c) {
  if (c == nullptr) {
    return;
  }
  assert(ioptions_.compaction_style != kCompactionStyleLevel ||
         c->output_level() == 0 ||
         !FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(*c->inputs(), c->output_level()));
  if (c->start_level() == 0 ||
      ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
    level0_compactions_in_progress_.insert(c);
  }
  compactions_in_progress_.insert(c);
}

void CompactionPicker::UnregisterCompaction(Compaction* c) {
  if (c == nullptr) {
    return;
  }
  if (c->start_level() == 0 ||
      ioptions_.compaction_style == kCompactionStyleUniversal) {
    level0_compactions_in_progress_.erase(c);
  }
  compactions_in_progress_.erase(c);
}

bool LevelCompactionPicker::NeedsCompaction(
    const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage) const {
  if (!vstorage->FilesMarkedForCompaction().empty()) {
    return true;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i <= vstorage->MaxInputLevel(); i++) {
    if (vstorage->CompactionScore(i) >= 1) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

namespace {
// A class to build a leveled compaction step-by-step.
class LevelCompactionBuilder {
 public:
  LevelCompactionBuilder(const std::string& cf_name,
                         VersionStorageInfo* vstorage,
                         CompactionPicker* compaction_picker,
                         LogBuffer* log_buffer,
                         const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                         const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions)
      : cf_name_(cf_name),
        vstorage_(vstorage),
        compaction_picker_(compaction_picker),
        log_buffer_(log_buffer),
        mutable_cf_options_(mutable_cf_options),
        ioptions_(ioptions) {}

  // Pick and return a compaction.
  Compaction* PickCompaction();

  // Pick the initial files to compact to the next level. (or together
  // in Intra-L0 compactions)
  void SetupInitialFiles();

  // If the initial files are from L0 level, pick other L0
  // files if needed.
  bool SetupOtherL0FilesIfNeeded();

  // Based on initial files, setup other files need to be compacted
  // in this compaction, accordingly.
  bool SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded();

  Compaction* GetCompaction();

  // For the specfied level, pick a file that we want to compact.
  // Returns false if there is no file to compact.
  // If it returns true, inputs->files.size() will be exactly one.
  // If level is 0 and there is already a compaction on that level, this
  // function will return false.
  bool PickFileToCompact();

  // For L0->L0, picks the longest span of files that aren't currently
  // undergoing compaction for which work-per-deleted-file decreases. The span
  // always starts from the newest L0 file.
  //
  // Intra-L0 compaction is independent of all other files, so it can be
  // performed even when L0->base_level compactions are blocked.
  //
  // Returns true if `inputs` is populated with a span of files to be compacted;
  // otherwise, returns false.
  bool PickIntraL0Compaction();

  // If there is any file marked for compaction, put put it into inputs.
  void PickFilesMarkedForCompaction();

  const std::string& cf_name_;
  VersionStorageInfo* vstorage_;
  CompactionPicker* compaction_picker_;
  LogBuffer* log_buffer_;
  int start_level_ = -1;
  int output_level_ = -1;
  int parent_index_ = -1;
  int base_index_ = -1;
  double start_level_score_ = 0;
  bool is_manual_ = false;
  CompactionInputFiles start_level_inputs_;
  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> compaction_inputs_;
  CompactionInputFiles output_level_inputs_;
  std::vector<FileMetaData*> grandparents_;
  CompactionReason compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kUnknown;

  const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options_;
  const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions_;
  // Pick a path ID to place a newly generated file, with its level
  static uint32_t GetPathId(const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
                            const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
                            int level);

  static const int kMinFilesForIntraL0Compaction = 4;
};

void LevelCompactionBuilder::PickFilesMarkedForCompaction() {
  if (vstorage_->FilesMarkedForCompaction().empty()) {
    return;
  }

  auto continuation = [&](std::pair<int, FileMetaData*> level_file) {
    // If it's being compacted it has nothing to do here.
    // If this assert() fails that means that some function marked some
    // files as being_compacted, but didn't call ComputeCompactionScore()
    assert(!level_file.second->being_compacted);
    start_level_ = level_file.first;
    output_level_ =
        (start_level_ == 0) ? vstorage_->base_level() : start_level_ + 1;

    if (start_level_ == 0 &&
        !compaction_picker_->level0_compactions_in_progress()->empty()) {
      return false;
    }

    start_level_inputs_.files = {level_file.second};
    start_level_inputs_.level = start_level_;
    return compaction_picker_->ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name_, vstorage_,
                                                      &start_level_inputs_);
  };

  // take a chance on a random file first
  Random64 rnd(/* seed */ reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(vstorage_));
  size_t random_file_index = static_cast<size_t>(rnd.Uniform(
      static_cast<uint64_t>(vstorage_->FilesMarkedForCompaction().size())));

  if (continuation(vstorage_->FilesMarkedForCompaction()[random_file_index])) {
    // found the compaction!
    return;
  }

  for (auto& level_file : vstorage_->FilesMarkedForCompaction()) {
    if (continuation(level_file)) {
      // found the compaction!
      return;
    }
  }
  start_level_inputs_.files.clear();
}

void LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupInitialFiles() {
  // Find the compactions by size on all levels.
  bool skipped_l0_to_base = false;
  for (int i = 0; i < compaction_picker_->NumberLevels() - 1; i++) {
    start_level_score_ = vstorage_->CompactionScore(i);
    start_level_ = vstorage_->CompactionScoreLevel(i);
    assert(i == 0 || start_level_score_ <= vstorage_->CompactionScore(i - 1));
    if (start_level_score_ >= 1) {
      if (skipped_l0_to_base && start_level_ == vstorage_->base_level()) {
        // If L0->base_level compaction is pending, don't schedule further
        // compaction from base level. Otherwise L0->base_level compaction
        // may starve.
        continue;
      }
      output_level_ =
          (start_level_ == 0) ? vstorage_->base_level() : start_level_ + 1;
      if (PickFileToCompact() &&
          compaction_picker_->ExpandInputsToCleanCut(cf_name_, vstorage_,
                                                     &start_level_inputs_) &&
          !compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(
              {start_level_inputs_}, output_level_)) {
        // found the compaction!
        if (start_level_ == 0) {
          // L0 score = `num L0 files` / `level0_file_num_compaction_trigger`
          compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kLevelL0FilesNum;
        } else {
          // L1+ score = `Level files size` / `MaxBytesForLevel`
          compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kLevelMaxLevelSize;
        }
        break;
      } else {
        // didn't find the compaction, clear the inputs
        start_level_inputs_.clear();
        if (start_level_ == 0) {
          skipped_l0_to_base = true;
          // L0->base_level may be blocked due to ongoing L0->base_level
          // compactions. It may also be blocked by an ongoing compaction from
          // base_level downwards.
          //
          // In these cases, to reduce L0 file count and thus reduce likelihood
          // of write stalls, we can attempt compacting a span of files within
          // L0.
          if (PickIntraL0Compaction()) {
            output_level_ = 0;
            compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kLevelL0FilesNum;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // if we didn't find a compaction, check if there are any files marked for
  // compaction
  if (start_level_inputs_.empty()) {
    is_manual_ = true;
    parent_index_ = base_index_ = -1;
    PickFilesMarkedForCompaction();
    if (!start_level_inputs_.empty()) {
      compaction_reason_ = CompactionReason::kFilesMarkedForCompaction;
    }
  }
}

bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherL0FilesIfNeeded() {
  if (start_level_ == 0 && output_level_ != 0) {
    // Two level 0 compaction won't run at the same time, so don't need to worry
    // about files on level 0 being compacted.
    assert(compaction_picker_->level0_compactions_in_progress()->empty());
    InternalKey smallest, largest;
    compaction_picker_->GetRange(start_level_inputs_, &smallest, &largest);
    // Note that the next call will discard the file we placed in
    // c->inputs_[0] earlier and replace it with an overlapping set
    // which will include the picked file.
    start_level_inputs_.files.clear();
    vstorage_->GetOverlappingInputs(0, &smallest, &largest,
                                    &start_level_inputs_.files);

    // If we include more L0 files in the same compaction run it can
    // cause the 'smallest' and 'largest' key to get extended to a
    // larger range. So, re-invoke GetRange to get the new key range
    compaction_picker_->GetRange(start_level_inputs_, &smallest, &largest);
    if (compaction_picker_->IsRangeInCompaction(
            vstorage_, &smallest, &largest, output_level_, &parent_index_)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  assert(!start_level_inputs_.files.empty());

  return true;
}

bool LevelCompactionBuilder::SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded() {
  // Setup input files from output level. For output to L0, we only compact
  // spans of files that do not interact with any pending compactions, so don't
  // need to consider other levels.
  if (output_level_ != 0) {
    output_level_inputs_.level = output_level_;
    if (!compaction_picker_->SetupOtherInputs(
            cf_name_, mutable_cf_options_, vstorage_, &start_level_inputs_,
            &output_level_inputs_, &parent_index_, base_index_)) {
      return false;
    }

    compaction_inputs_.push_back(start_level_inputs_);
    if (!output_level_inputs_.empty()) {
      compaction_inputs_.push_back(output_level_inputs_);
    }

    // In some edge cases we could pick a compaction that will be compacting
    // a key range that overlap with another running compaction, and both
    // of them have the same output level. This could happen if
    // (1) we are running a non-exclusive manual compaction
    // (2) AddFile ingest a new file into the LSM tree
    // We need to disallow this from happening.
    if (compaction_picker_->FilesRangeOverlapWithCompaction(compaction_inputs_,
                                                            output_level_)) {
      // This compaction output could potentially conflict with the output
      // of a currently running compaction, we cannot run it.
      return false;
    }
    compaction_picker_->GetGrandparents(vstorage_, start_level_inputs_,
                                        output_level_inputs_, &grandparents_);
  } else {
    compaction_inputs_.push_back(start_level_inputs_);
  }
  return true;
}

Compaction* LevelCompactionBuilder::PickCompaction() {
  // Pick up the first file to start compaction. It may have been extended
  // to a clean cut.
  SetupInitialFiles();
  if (start_level_inputs_.empty()) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  assert(start_level_ >= 0 && output_level_ >= 0);

  // If it is a L0 -> base level compaction, we need to set up other L0
  // files if needed.
  if (!SetupOtherL0FilesIfNeeded()) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Pick files in the output level and expand more files in the start level
  // if needed.
  if (!SetupOtherInputsIfNeeded()) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Form a compaction object containing the files we picked.
  Compaction* c = GetCompaction();

  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("LevelCompactionPicker::PickCompaction:Return", c);

  return c;
}

Compaction* LevelCompactionBuilder::GetCompaction() {
  auto c = new Compaction(
      vstorage_, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options_, std::move(compaction_inputs_),
      output_level_, mutable_cf_options_.MaxFileSizeForLevel(output_level_),
      mutable_cf_options_.max_compaction_bytes,
      GetPathId(ioptions_, mutable_cf_options_, output_level_),
      GetCompressionType(ioptions_, vstorage_, mutable_cf_options_,
                         output_level_, vstorage_->base_level()),
      std::move(grandparents_), is_manual_, start_level_score_,
      false /* deletion_compaction */, compaction_reason_);

  // If it's level 0 compaction, make sure we don't execute any other level 0
  // compactions in parallel
  compaction_picker_->RegisterCompaction(c);

  // Creating a compaction influences the compaction score because the score
  // takes running compactions into account (by skipping files that are already
  // being compacted). Since we just changed compaction score, we recalculate it
  // here
  vstorage_->ComputeCompactionScore(ioptions_, mutable_cf_options_);
  return c;
}

/*
 * Find the optimal path to place a file
 * Given a level, finds the path where levels up to it will fit in levels
 * up to and including this path
 */
uint32_t LevelCompactionBuilder::GetPathId(
    const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
    const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options, int level) {
  uint32_t p = 0;
  assert(!ioptions.db_paths.empty());

  // size remaining in the most recent path
  uint64_t current_path_size = ioptions.db_paths[0].target_size;

  uint64_t level_size;
  int cur_level = 0;

  level_size = mutable_cf_options.max_bytes_for_level_base;

  // Last path is the fallback
  while (p < ioptions.db_paths.size() - 1) {
    if (level_size <= current_path_size) {
      if (cur_level == level) {
        // Does desired level fit in this path?
        return p;
      } else {
        current_path_size -= level_size;
        level_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(
            level_size * mutable_cf_options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier);
        cur_level++;
        continue;
      }
    }
    p++;
    current_path_size = ioptions.db_paths[p].target_size;
  }
  return p;
}

bool LevelCompactionBuilder::PickFileToCompact() {
  // level 0 files are overlapping. So we cannot pick more
  // than one concurrent compactions at this level. This
  // could be made better by looking at key-ranges that are
  // being compacted at level 0.
  if (start_level_ == 0 &&
      !compaction_picker_->level0_compactions_in_progress()->empty()) {
    TEST_SYNC_POINT("LevelCompactionPicker::PickCompactionBySize:0");
    return false;
  }

  start_level_inputs_.clear();

  assert(start_level_ >= 0);

  // Pick the largest file in this level that is not already
  // being compacted
  const std::vector<int>& file_size =
      vstorage_->FilesByCompactionPri(start_level_);
  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files =
      vstorage_->LevelFiles(start_level_);

  // record the first file that is not yet compacted
  int nextIndex = -1;

  for (unsigned int i = vstorage_->NextCompactionIndex(start_level_);
       i < file_size.size(); i++) {
    int index = file_size[i];
    auto* f = level_files[index];

    // do not pick a file to compact if it is being compacted
    // from n-1 level.
    if (f->being_compacted) {
      continue;
    }

    // remember the startIndex for the next call to PickCompaction
    if (nextIndex == -1) {
      nextIndex = i;
    }

    // Do not pick this file if its parents at level+1 are being compacted.
    // Maybe we can avoid redoing this work in SetupOtherInputs
    parent_index_ = -1;
    if (compaction_picker_->IsRangeInCompaction(vstorage_, &f->smallest,
                                                &f->largest, output_level_,
                                                &parent_index_)) {
      continue;
    }
    start_level_inputs_.files.push_back(f);
    start_level_inputs_.level = start_level_;
    base_index_ = index;
    break;
  }

  // store where to start the iteration in the next call to PickCompaction
  vstorage_->SetNextCompactionIndex(start_level_, nextIndex);

  return start_level_inputs_.size() > 0;
}

bool LevelCompactionBuilder::PickIntraL0Compaction() {
  start_level_inputs_.clear();
  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files =
      vstorage_->LevelFiles(0 /* level */);
  if (level_files.size() <
          static_cast<size_t>(
              mutable_cf_options_.level0_file_num_compaction_trigger + 2) ||
      level_files[0]->being_compacted) {
    // If L0 isn't accumulating much files beyond the regular trigger, don't
    // resort to L0->L0 compaction yet.
    return false;
  }

  size_t compact_bytes = level_files[0]->fd.file_size;
  size_t compact_bytes_per_del_file = port::kMaxSizet;
  // compaction range will be [0, span_len).
  size_t span_len;
  // pull in files until the amount of compaction work per deleted file begins
  // increasing.
  for (span_len = 1; span_len < level_files.size(); ++span_len) {
    compact_bytes += level_files[span_len]->fd.file_size;
    size_t new_compact_bytes_per_del_file = compact_bytes / span_len;
    if (level_files[span_len]->being_compacted ||
        new_compact_bytes_per_del_file > compact_bytes_per_del_file) {
      break;
    }
    compact_bytes_per_del_file = new_compact_bytes_per_del_file;
  }

  if (span_len >= kMinFilesForIntraL0Compaction) {
    start_level_inputs_.level = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < span_len; ++i) {
      start_level_inputs_.files.push_back(level_files[i]);
    }
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
}  // namespace

Compaction* LevelCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  LevelCompactionBuilder builder(cf_name, vstorage, this, log_buffer,
                                 mutable_cf_options, ioptions_);
  return builder.PickCompaction();
}

#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
bool FIFOCompactionPicker::NeedsCompaction(
    const VersionStorageInfo* vstorage) const {
  const int kLevel0 = 0;
  return vstorage->CompactionScore(kLevel0) >= 1;
}

Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::PickCompaction(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, LogBuffer* log_buffer) {
  assert(vstorage->num_levels() == 1);
  const int kLevel0 = 0;
  const std::vector<FileMetaData*>& level_files = vstorage->LevelFiles(kLevel0);
  uint64_t total_size = 0;
  for (const auto& file : level_files) {
    total_size += file->fd.file_size;
  }

  if (total_size <= ioptions_.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size ||
      level_files.size() == 0) {
    // total size not exceeded
    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer,
                     "[%s] FIFO compaction: nothing to do. Total size %" PRIu64
                     ", max size %" PRIu64 "\n",
                     cf_name.c_str(), total_size,
                     ioptions_.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size);
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (!level0_compactions_in_progress_.empty()) {
    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(
        log_buffer,
        "[%s] FIFO compaction: Already executing compaction. No need "
        "to run parallel compactions since compactions are very fast",
        cf_name.c_str());
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<CompactionInputFiles> inputs;
  inputs.emplace_back();
  inputs[0].level = 0;
  // delete old files (FIFO)
  for (auto ritr = level_files.rbegin(); ritr != level_files.rend(); ++ritr) {
    auto f = *ritr;
    total_size -= f->compensated_file_size;
    inputs[0].files.push_back(f);
    char tmp_fsize[16];
    AppendHumanBytes(f->fd.GetFileSize(), tmp_fsize, sizeof(tmp_fsize));
    ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(log_buffer, "[%s] FIFO compaction: picking file %" PRIu64
                                 " with size %s for deletion",
                     cf_name.c_str(), f->fd.GetNumber(), tmp_fsize);
    if (total_size <= ioptions_.compaction_options_fifo.max_table_files_size) {
      break;
    }
  }
  Compaction* c = new Compaction(
      vstorage, ioptions_, mutable_cf_options, std::move(inputs), 0, 0, 0, 0,
      kNoCompression, {}, /* is manual */ false, vstorage->CompactionScore(0),
      /* is deletion compaction */ true, CompactionReason::kFIFOMaxSize);
  RegisterCompaction(c);
  return c;
}

Compaction* FIFOCompactionPicker::CompactRange(
    const std::string& cf_name, const MutableCFOptions& mutable_cf_options,
    VersionStorageInfo* vstorage, int input_level, int output_level,
    uint32_t output_path_id, const InternalKey* begin, const InternalKey* end,
    InternalKey** compaction_end, bool* manual_conflict) {
  assert(input_level == 0);
  assert(output_level == 0);
  *compaction_end = nullptr;
  LogBuffer log_buffer(InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL, ioptions_.info_log);
  Compaction* c =
      PickCompaction(cf_name, mutable_cf_options, vstorage, &log_buffer);
  log_buffer.FlushBufferToLog();
  return c;
}

#endif  // !ROCKSDB_LITE

}  // namespace rocksdb