Provide implementation to prefetch data asynchronously in FilePrefetchBuffer (#9674)

Summary:
In FilePrefetchBuffer if reads are sequential, after prefetching call ReadAsync API to prefetch data asynchronously so that in next prefetching data will be available. Data prefetched asynchronously will be readahead_size/2. It uses two buffers, one for synchronous prefetching and one for asynchronous. In case, the data is overlapping, the data is copied from both buffers to third buffer to make it continuous.
This feature is under ReadOptions::async_io and is under experimental.

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/9674

Test Plan:
1. Add new unit tests
2. Run **db_stress** to make sure nothing crashes.

    -   Normal prefetch without `async_io` ran successfully:
```
export CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS=" --async_io=0"
 make crash_test -j
 ```

3. **Run Regressions**.
   i) Main branch without any change for normal prefetching with async_io disabled:

 ```
 ./db_bench -db=/tmp/prefix_scan_prefetch_main -benchmarks="fillseq" -key_size=32 -value_size=512 -num=5000000 -
           use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction=true -target_file_size_base=16777216
 ```

```
./db_bench -use_existing_db=true -db=/tmp/prefix_scan_prefetch_main -benchmarks="seekrandom" -key_size=32 -value_size=512 -num=5000000 -use_direct_reads=true -seek_nexts=327680 -duration=120 -ops_between_duration_checks=1
Initializing RocksDB Options from the specified file
Initializing RocksDB Options from command-line flags
RocksDB:    version 7.0
Date:       Thu Mar 17 13:11:34 2022
CPU:        24 * Intel Core Processor (Broadwell)
CPUCache:   16384 KB
Keys:       32 bytes each (+ 0 bytes user-defined timestamp)
Values:     512 bytes each (256 bytes after compression)
Entries:    5000000
Prefix:    0 bytes
Keys per prefix:    0
RawSize:    2594.0 MB (estimated)
FileSize:   1373.3 MB (estimated)
Write rate: 0 bytes/second
Read rate: 0 ops/second
Compression: Snappy
Compression sampling rate: 0
Memtablerep: SkipListFactory
Perf Level: 1
------------------------------------------------
DB path: [/tmp/prefix_scan_prefetch_main]
seekrandom   :  483618.390 micros/op 2 ops/sec;  338.9 MB/s (249 of 249 found)
```

  ii) normal prefetching after changes with async_io disable:

```
./db_bench -use_existing_db=true -db=/tmp/prefix_scan_prefetch_withchange -benchmarks="seekrandom" -key_size=32 -value_size=512 -num=5000000 -use_direct_reads=true -seek_nexts=327680 -duration=120 -ops_between_duration_checks=1
Initializing RocksDB Options from the specified file
Initializing RocksDB Options from command-line flags
RocksDB:    version 7.0
Date:       Thu Mar 17 14:11:31 2022
CPU:        24 * Intel Core Processor (Broadwell)
CPUCache:   16384 KB
Keys:       32 bytes each (+ 0 bytes user-defined timestamp)
Values:     512 bytes each (256 bytes after compression)
Entries:    5000000
Prefix:    0 bytes
Keys per prefix:    0
RawSize:    2594.0 MB (estimated)
FileSize:   1373.3 MB (estimated)
Write rate: 0 bytes/second
Read rate: 0 ops/second
Compression: Snappy
Compression sampling rate: 0
Memtablerep: SkipListFactory
Perf Level: 1
------------------------------------------------
DB path: [/tmp/prefix_scan_prefetch_withchange]
seekrandom   :  471347.227 micros/op 2 ops/sec;  348.1 MB/s (255 of 255 found)
```

Reviewed By: anand1976

Differential Revision: D34731543

Pulled By: akankshamahajan15

fbshipit-source-id: 8e23aa93453d5fe3c672b9231ad582f60207937f

HISTORY.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 * `BlockBasedTableOptions::detect_filter_construct_corruption` can now be dynamically configured using `DB::SetOptions`.
 * Automatically recover from retryable read IO errors during backgorund flush/compaction.
 * Experimental support for preserving file Temperatures through backup and restore, and for updating DB metadata for outside changes to file Temperature (`UpdateManifestForFilesState` or `ldb update_manifest --update_temperatures`).
+* Experimental support for async_io in ReadOptions which is used by FilePrefetchBuffer to prefetch some of the data asynchronously,  if reads are sequential and auto readahead is enabled by rocksdb internally.
 
 ### Bug Fixes
 * Fixed a data race on `versions_` between `DBImpl::ResumeImpl()` and threads waiting for recovery to complete (#9496)

file/file_prefetch_buffer.cc

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "file/file_prefetch_buffer.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <mutex>
 
 #include "file/random_access_file_reader.h"
 #include "monitoring/histogram.h"
@@ -21,6 +20,110 @@
 #include "util/rate_limiter.h"
 
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+void FilePrefetchBuffer::CalculateOffsetAndLen(size_t alignment,
+                                               uint64_t offset,
+                                               size_t roundup_len, size_t index,
+                                               bool refit_tail,
+                                               uint64_t& chunk_len) {
+  uint64_t chunk_offset_in_buffer = 0;
+  bool copy_data_to_new_buffer = false;
+  // Check if requested bytes are in the existing buffer_.
+  // If only a few bytes exist -- reuse them & read only what is really needed.
+  //     This is typically the case of incremental reading of data.
+  // If no bytes exist in buffer -- full pread.
+  if (bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 &&
+      offset >= bufs_[index].offset_ &&
+      offset <= bufs_[index].offset_ + bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    // Only a few requested bytes are in the buffer. memmove those chunk of
+    // bytes to the beginning, and memcpy them back into the new buffer if a
+    // new buffer is created.
+    chunk_offset_in_buffer = Rounddown(
+        static_cast<size_t>(offset - bufs_[index].offset_), alignment);
+    chunk_len = static_cast<uint64_t>(bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize()) -
+                chunk_offset_in_buffer;
+    assert(chunk_offset_in_buffer % alignment == 0);
+    // assert(chunk_len % alignment == 0);
+    assert(chunk_offset_in_buffer + chunk_len <=
+           bufs_[index].offset_ + bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize());
+    if (chunk_len > 0) {
+      copy_data_to_new_buffer = true;
+    } else {
+      // this reset is not necessary, but just to be safe.
+      chunk_offset_in_buffer = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Create a new buffer only if current capacity is not sufficient, and memcopy
+  // bytes from old buffer if needed (i.e., if chunk_len is greater than 0).
+  if (bufs_[index].buffer_.Capacity() < roundup_len) {
+    bufs_[index].buffer_.Alignment(alignment);
+    bufs_[index].buffer_.AllocateNewBuffer(
+        static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len), copy_data_to_new_buffer,
+        chunk_offset_in_buffer, static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len));
+  } else if (chunk_len > 0 && refit_tail) {
+    // New buffer not needed. But memmove bytes from tail to the beginning since
+    // chunk_len is greater than 0.
+    bufs_[index].buffer_.RefitTail(static_cast<size_t>(chunk_offset_in_buffer),
+                                   static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len));
+  }
+}
+
+Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Read(const IOOptions& opts,
+                                RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+                                Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
+                                uint64_t read_len, uint64_t chunk_len,
+                                uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index) {
+  Slice result;
+  Status s = reader->Read(opts, rounddown_start + chunk_len, read_len, &result,
+                          bufs_[index].buffer_.BufferStart() + chunk_len,
+                          nullptr, rate_limiter_priority);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (result.size() < read_len) {
+    // Fake an IO error to force db_stress fault injection to ignore
+    // truncated read errors
+    IGNORE_STATUS_IF_ERROR(Status::IOError());
+  }
+#endif
+  if (!s.ok()) {
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  // Update the buffer offset and size.
+  bufs_[index].offset_ = rounddown_start;
+  bufs_[index].buffer_.Size(static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len) + result.size());
+  return s;
+}
+
+Status FilePrefetchBuffer::ReadAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
+                                     RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+                                     Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
+                                     uint64_t read_len, uint64_t chunk_len,
+                                     uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index) {
+  // Reset io_handle.
+  if (io_handle_ != nullptr && del_fn_ != nullptr) {
+    del_fn_(io_handle_);
+    io_handle_ = nullptr;
+    del_fn_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // callback for async read request.
+  auto fp = std::bind(&FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsyncCallback, this,
+                      std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2);
+  FSReadRequest req;
+  Slice result;
+  req.len = read_len;
+  req.offset = rounddown_start + chunk_len;
+  req.result = result;
+  req.scratch = bufs_[index].buffer_.BufferStart() + chunk_len;
+  Status s = reader->ReadAsync(req, opts, fp, nullptr /*cb_arg*/, &io_handle_,
+                               &del_fn_, rate_limiter_priority);
+  if (s.ok()) {
+    async_read_in_progress_ = true;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
 Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Prefetch(const IOOptions& opts,
                                     RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
                                     uint64_t offset, size_t n,
@@ -29,6 +132,13 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Prefetch(const IOOptions& opts,
     return Status::OK();
   }
   TEST_SYNC_POINT("FilePrefetchBuffer::Prefetch:Start");
+
+  if (offset + n <= bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    // All requested bytes are already in the curr_ buffer. So no need to Read
+    // again.
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
   size_t alignment = reader->file()->GetRequiredBufferAlignment();
   size_t offset_ = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
   uint64_t rounddown_offset = Rounddown(offset_, alignment);
@@ -37,74 +147,208 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Prefetch(const IOOptions& opts,
   assert(roundup_len >= alignment);
   assert(roundup_len % alignment == 0);
 
-  // Check if requested bytes are in the existing buffer_.
-  // If all bytes exist -- return.
-  // If only a few bytes exist -- reuse them & read only what is really needed.
-  //     This is typically the case of incremental reading of data.
-  // If no bytes exist in buffer -- full pread.
+  uint64_t chunk_len = 0;
+  CalculateOffsetAndLen(alignment, offset, roundup_len, curr_,
+                        true /*refit_tail*/, chunk_len);
+  size_t read_len = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len - chunk_len);
+
+  Status s = Read(opts, reader, rate_limiter_priority, read_len, chunk_len,
+                  rounddown_offset, curr_);
+  return s;
+}
+
+// Copy data from src to third buffer.
+void FilePrefetchBuffer::CopyDataToBuffer(uint32_t src, uint64_t& offset,
+                                          size_t& length) {
+  if (length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  uint64_t copy_offset = (offset - bufs_[src].offset_);
+  size_t copy_len = 0;
+  if (offset + length <=
+      bufs_[src].offset_ + bufs_[src].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    // All the bytes are in src.
+    copy_len = length;
+  } else {
+    copy_len = bufs_[src].buffer_.CurrentSize() - copy_offset;
+  }
+
+  memcpy(bufs_[2].buffer_.BufferStart() + bufs_[2].buffer_.CurrentSize(),
+         bufs_[src].buffer_.BufferStart() + copy_offset, copy_len);
+
+  bufs_[2].buffer_.Size(bufs_[2].buffer_.CurrentSize() + copy_len);
+
+  // Update offset and length.
+  offset += copy_len;
+  length -= copy_len;
+
+  // length > 0 indicates it has consumed all data from the src buffer and it
+  // still needs to read more other buffer.
+  if (length > 0) {
+    bufs_[src].buffer_.Clear();
+  }
+}
+
+// If async_read = true:
+// async_read is enabled in case of sequential reads. So when
+// buffers are switched, we clear the curr_ buffer as we assume the data has
+// been consumed because of sequential reads.
+//
+// Scenarios for prefetching asynchronously:
+// Case1: If both buffers are empty, prefetch n bytes
+//        synchronously in curr_
+//        and prefetch readahead_size_/2 async in second buffer.
+// Case2: If second buffer has partial or full data, make it current and
+//        prefetch readahead_size_/2 async in second buffer. In case of
+//        partial data, prefetch remaining bytes from size n synchronously to
+//        fulfill the requested bytes request.
+// Case3: If curr_ has partial data, prefetch remaining bytes from size n
+//        synchronously in curr_ to fulfill the requested bytes request and
+//        prefetch readahead_size_/2 bytes async in second buffer.
+// Case4: If data is in both buffers, copy requested data from curr_ and second
+//        buffer to third buffer. If all requested bytes have been copied, do
+//        the asynchronous prefetching in second buffer.
+Status FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
+                                         RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+                                         FileSystem* fs, uint64_t offset,
+                                         size_t length, size_t readahead_size,
+                                         Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
+                                         bool& copy_to_third_buffer) {
+  if (!enable_) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+  if (async_read_in_progress_ && fs != nullptr) {
+    // Wait for prefetch data to complete.
+    // No mutex is needed as PrefetchAsyncCallback updates the result in second
+    // buffer and FilePrefetchBuffer should wait for Poll before accessing the
+    // second buffer.
+    std::vector<void*> handles;
+    handles.emplace_back(io_handle_);
+    fs->Poll(handles, 1).PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
 
+  // TODO akanksha: Update TEST_SYNC_POINT after new tests are added.
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT("FilePrefetchBuffer::Prefetch:Start");
   Status s;
-  uint64_t chunk_offset_in_buffer = 0;
-  uint64_t chunk_len = 0;
-  bool copy_data_to_new_buffer = false;
-  if (buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 && offset >= buffer_offset_ &&
-      offset <= buffer_offset_ + buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
-    if (offset + n <= buffer_offset_ + buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
-      // All requested bytes are already in the buffer. So no need to Read
-      // again.
+  size_t prefetch_size = length + readahead_size;
+
+  size_t alignment = reader->file()->GetRequiredBufferAlignment();
+  // Index of second buffer.
+  uint32_t second = curr_ ^ 1;
+
+  // If data is in second buffer, make it curr_. Second buffer can be either
+  // partial filled or full.
+  if (bufs_[second].buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 &&
+      offset >= bufs_[second].offset_ &&
+      offset <= bufs_[second].offset_ + bufs_[second].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    // Clear the curr_ as buffers have been swapped and curr_ contains the
+    // outdated data.
+    bufs_[curr_].buffer_.Clear();
+    // Switch the buffers.
+    curr_ = curr_ ^ 1;
+    second = curr_ ^ 1;
+  }
+
+  // If second buffer contains outdated data, clear it for async prefetching.
+  // Outdated can be because previous sequential reads were read from the cache
+  // instead of this buffer.
+  if (bufs_[second].buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 &&
+      offset >= bufs_[second].offset_ + bufs_[second].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    bufs_[second].buffer_.Clear();
+  }
+
+  // Data is overlapping i.e. some of the data is in curr_ buffer and remaining
+  // in second buffer.
+  if (bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 &&
+      bufs_[second].buffer_.CurrentSize() > 0 &&
+      offset >= bufs_[curr_].offset_ &&
+      offset < bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize() &&
+      offset + prefetch_size > bufs_[second].offset_) {
+    // Allocate new buffer to third buffer;
+    bufs_[2].buffer_.Clear();
+    bufs_[2].buffer_.Alignment(alignment);
+    bufs_[2].buffer_.AllocateNewBuffer(length);
+    bufs_[2].offset_ = offset;
+    copy_to_third_buffer = true;
+
+    // Move data from curr_ buffer to third.
+    CopyDataToBuffer(curr_, offset, length);
+
+    if (length == 0) {
+      // Requested data has been copied and curr_ still has unconsumed data.
       return s;
-    } else {
-      // Only a few requested bytes are in the buffer. memmove those chunk of
-      // bytes to the beginning, and memcpy them back into the new buffer if a
-      // new buffer is created.
-      chunk_offset_in_buffer =
-          Rounddown(static_cast<size_t>(offset - buffer_offset_), alignment);
-      chunk_len = buffer_.CurrentSize() - chunk_offset_in_buffer;
-      assert(chunk_offset_in_buffer % alignment == 0);
-      assert(chunk_len % alignment == 0);
-      assert(chunk_offset_in_buffer + chunk_len <=
-             buffer_offset_ + buffer_.CurrentSize());
-      if (chunk_len > 0) {
-        copy_data_to_new_buffer = true;
-      } else {
-        // this reset is not necessary, but just to be safe.
-        chunk_offset_in_buffer = 0;
-      }
     }
+
+    CopyDataToBuffer(second, offset, length);
+    // Length == 0: All the requested data has been copied to third buffer. It
+    // should go for only async prefetching.
+    // Length > 0: More data needs to be consumed so it will continue async and
+    // sync prefetching and copy the remaining data to third buffer in the end.
+    // swap the buffers.
+    curr_ = curr_ ^ 1;
+    prefetch_size -= length;
   }
 
-  // Create a new buffer only if current capacity is not sufficient, and memcopy
-  // bytes from old buffer if needed (i.e., if chunk_len is greater than 0).
-  if (buffer_.Capacity() < roundup_len) {
-    buffer_.Alignment(alignment);
-    buffer_.AllocateNewBuffer(static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len),
-                              copy_data_to_new_buffer, chunk_offset_in_buffer,
-                              static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len));
-  } else if (chunk_len > 0) {
-    // New buffer not needed. But memmove bytes from tail to the beginning since
-    // chunk_len is greater than 0.
-    buffer_.RefitTail(static_cast<size_t>(chunk_offset_in_buffer),
-                      static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len));
+  // Update second again if swap happened.
+  second = curr_ ^ 1;
+  size_t _offset = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
+
+  // offset and size alignment for curr_ buffer with synchronous prefetching
+  uint64_t rounddown_start1 = Rounddown(_offset, alignment);
+  uint64_t roundup_end1 = Roundup(_offset + prefetch_size, alignment);
+  uint64_t roundup_len1 = roundup_end1 - rounddown_start1;
+  assert(roundup_len1 >= alignment);
+  assert(roundup_len1 % alignment == 0);
+  uint64_t chunk_len1 = 0;
+  uint64_t read_len1 = 0;
+
+  // For length == 0, skip the synchronous prefetching. read_len1 will be 0.
+  if (length > 0) {
+    CalculateOffsetAndLen(alignment, offset, roundup_len1, curr_,
+                          false /*refit_tail*/, chunk_len1);
+    read_len1 = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len1 - chunk_len1);
   }
+  {
+    // offset and size alignment for second buffer for asynchronous
+    // prefetching
+    uint64_t rounddown_start2 = roundup_end1;
+    uint64_t roundup_end2 =
+        Roundup(rounddown_start2 + readahead_size, alignment);
 
-  Slice result;
-  size_t read_len = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len - chunk_len);
-  s = reader->Read(opts, rounddown_offset + chunk_len, read_len, &result,
-                   buffer_.BufferStart() + chunk_len, nullptr,
-                   rate_limiter_priority);
-  if (!s.ok()) {
-    return s;
+    // For length == 0, do the asynchronous prefetching in second instead of
+    // synchronous prefetching of remaining prefetch_size.
+    if (length == 0) {
+      rounddown_start2 =
+          bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize();
+      roundup_end2 = Roundup(rounddown_start2 + prefetch_size, alignment);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t roundup_len2 = roundup_end2 - rounddown_start2;
+    uint64_t chunk_len2 = 0;
+    CalculateOffsetAndLen(alignment, rounddown_start2, roundup_len2, second,
+                          false /*refit_tail*/, chunk_len2);
+
+    // Update the buffer offset.
+    bufs_[second].offset_ = rounddown_start2;
+    uint64_t read_len2 = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len2 - chunk_len2);
+
+    ReadAsync(opts, reader, rate_limiter_priority, read_len2, chunk_len2,
+              rounddown_start2, second)
+        .PermitUncheckedError();
   }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  if (result.size() < read_len) {
-    // Fake an IO error to force db_stress fault injection to ignore
-    // truncated read errors
-    IGNORE_STATUS_IF_ERROR(Status::IOError());
+  if (read_len1 > 0) {
+    s = Read(opts, reader, rate_limiter_priority, read_len1, chunk_len1,
+             rounddown_start1, curr_);
+    if (!s.ok()) {
+      return s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Copy remaining requested bytes to third_buffer.
+  if (copy_to_third_buffer && length > 0) {
+    CopyDataToBuffer(curr_, offset, length);
   }
-#endif
-  buffer_offset_ = rounddown_offset;
-  buffer_.Size(static_cast<size_t>(chunk_len) + result.size());
   return s;
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +361,7 @@ bool FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCache(const IOOptions& opts,
   if (track_min_offset_ && offset < min_offset_read_) {
     min_offset_read_ = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
   }
-  if (!enable_ || offset < buffer_offset_) {
+  if (!enable_ || (offset < bufs_[curr_].offset_)) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -127,35 +371,93 @@ bool FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCache(const IOOptions& opts,
   //    If readahead is not enabled: return false.
   TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCache",
                            &readahead_size_);
-  if (offset + n > buffer_offset_ + buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+  if (offset + n > bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
     if (readahead_size_ > 0) {
+      Status s;
       assert(reader != nullptr);
       assert(max_readahead_size_ >= readahead_size_);
-      Status s;
       if (for_compaction) {
         s = Prefetch(opts, reader, offset, std::max(n, readahead_size_),
                      rate_limiter_priority);
       } else {
         if (implicit_auto_readahead_) {
-          // Prefetch only if this read is sequential otherwise reset
-          // readahead_size_ to initial value.
-          if (!IsBlockSequential(offset)) {
-            UpdateReadPattern(offset, n);
-            ResetValues();
+          if (!IsEligibleForPrefetch(offset, n)) {
             // Ignore status as Prefetch is not called.
             s.PermitUncheckedError();
             return false;
           }
-          num_file_reads_++;
-          if (num_file_reads_ <= kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead) {
-            UpdateReadPattern(offset, n);
+        }
+        s = Prefetch(opts, reader, offset, n + readahead_size_,
+                     rate_limiter_priority);
+      }
+      if (!s.ok()) {
+        if (status) {
+          *status = s;
+        }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        IGNORE_STATUS_IF_ERROR(s);
+#endif
+        return false;
+      }
+      readahead_size_ = std::min(max_readahead_size_, readahead_size_ * 2);
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  UpdateReadPattern(offset, n, false /*decrease_readaheadsize*/);
+
+  uint64_t offset_in_buffer = offset - bufs_[curr_].offset_;
+  *result = Slice(bufs_[curr_].buffer_.BufferStart() + offset_in_buffer, n);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// TODO akanksha: Merge this function with TryReadFromCache once async
+// functionality is stable.
+bool FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCacheAsync(
+    const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader, uint64_t offset,
+    size_t n, Slice* result, Status* status,
+    Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority, bool for_compaction /* = false */,
+    FileSystem* fs) {
+  if (track_min_offset_ && offset < min_offset_read_) {
+    min_offset_read_ = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
+  }
+  if (!enable_ || (offset < bufs_[curr_].offset_)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool prefetched = false;
+  bool copy_to_third_buffer = false;
+  // If the buffer contains only a few of the requested bytes:
+  //    If readahead is enabled: prefetch the remaining bytes + readahead bytes
+  //        and satisfy the request.
+  //    If readahead is not enabled: return false.
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCache",
+                           &readahead_size_);
+  if (offset + n > bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+    if (readahead_size_ > 0) {
+      Status s;
+      assert(reader != nullptr);
+      assert(max_readahead_size_ >= readahead_size_);
+      if (for_compaction) {
+        s = Prefetch(opts, reader, offset, std::max(n, readahead_size_),
+                     rate_limiter_priority);
+      } else {
+        if (implicit_auto_readahead_) {
+          if (!IsEligibleForPrefetch(offset, n)) {
             // Ignore status as Prefetch is not called.
             s.PermitUncheckedError();
             return false;
           }
         }
-        s = Prefetch(opts, reader, offset, n + readahead_size_,
-                     rate_limiter_priority);
+        if (implicit_auto_readahead_ && async_io_) {
+          // Prefetch n + readahead_size_/2 synchronously as remaining
+          // readahead_size_/2 will be prefetched asynchronously.
+          s = PrefetchAsync(opts, reader, fs, offset, n, readahead_size_ / 2,
+                            rate_limiter_priority, copy_to_third_buffer);
+        } else {
+          s = Prefetch(opts, reader, offset, n + readahead_size_,
+                       rate_limiter_priority);
+        }
       }
       if (!s.ok()) {
         if (status) {
@@ -166,14 +468,49 @@ bool FilePrefetchBuffer::TryReadFromCache(const IOOptions& opts,
 #endif
         return false;
       }
-      readahead_size_ = std::min(max_readahead_size_, readahead_size_ * 2);
+      prefetched = true;
     } else {
       return false;
     }
   }
-  UpdateReadPattern(offset, n);
-  uint64_t offset_in_buffer = offset - buffer_offset_;
-  *result = Slice(buffer_.BufferStart() + offset_in_buffer, n);
+  UpdateReadPattern(offset, n, false /*decrease_readaheadsize*/);
+
+  uint32_t index = curr_;
+  if (copy_to_third_buffer) {
+    index = 2;
+  }
+  uint64_t offset_in_buffer = offset - bufs_[index].offset_;
+  *result = Slice(bufs_[index].buffer_.BufferStart() + offset_in_buffer, n);
+  if (prefetched) {
+    readahead_size_ = std::min(max_readahead_size_, readahead_size_ * 2);
+  }
   return true;
 }
+
+void FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req,
+                                               void* /*cb_arg*/) {
+  async_read_in_progress_ = false;
+  uint32_t index = curr_ ^ 1;
+  if (req.status.ok()) {
+    if (req.offset + req.result.size() <=
+        bufs_[index].offset_ + bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
+      // All requested bytes are already in the buffer. So no need to update.
+      return;
+    }
+    if (req.offset < bufs_[index].offset_) {
+      // Next block to be read has changed (Recent read was not a sequential
+      // read). So ignore this read.
+      return;
+    }
+    size_t current_size = bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize();
+    bufs_[index].buffer_.Size(current_size + req.result.size());
+  }
+
+  // Release io_handle_.
+  if (io_handle_ != nullptr && del_fn_ != nullptr) {
+    del_fn_(io_handle_);
+    io_handle_ = nullptr;
+    del_fn_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

file/file_prefetch_buffer.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "file/readahead_file_info.h"
 #include "port/port.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
+#include "rocksdb/file_system.h"
 #include "rocksdb/options.h"
 #include "util/aligned_buffer.h"
 
@@ -26,6 +27,11 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 struct IOOptions;
 class RandomAccessFileReader;
 
+struct BufferInfo {
+  AlignedBuffer buffer_;
+  uint64_t offset_ = 0;
+};
+
 // FilePrefetchBuffer is a smart buffer to store and read data from a file.
 class FilePrefetchBuffer {
  public:
@@ -48,6 +54,9 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
   //   it. Used for adaptable readahead of the file footer/metadata.
   // implicit_auto_readahead : Readahead is enabled implicitly by rocksdb after
   //   doing sequential scans for two times.
+  // async_io : When async_io is enabled, if it's implicit_auto_readahead, it
+  //   prefetches data asynchronously in second buffer while curr_ is being
+  //   consumed.
   //
   // Automatic readhead is enabled for a file if readahead_size
   // and max_readahead_size are passed in.
@@ -55,8 +64,9 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
   // `Prefetch` to load data into the buffer.
   FilePrefetchBuffer(size_t readahead_size = 0, size_t max_readahead_size = 0,
                      bool enable = true, bool track_min_offset = false,
-                     bool implicit_auto_readahead = false)
-      : buffer_offset_(0),
+                     bool implicit_auto_readahead = false,
+                     bool async_io = false)
+      : curr_(0),
         readahead_size_(readahead_size),
         max_readahead_size_(max_readahead_size),
         min_offset_read_(port::kMaxSizet),
@@ -65,7 +75,16 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
         implicit_auto_readahead_(implicit_auto_readahead),
         prev_offset_(0),
         prev_len_(0),
-        num_file_reads_(kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead + 1) {}
+        num_file_reads_(kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead + 1),
+        io_handle_(nullptr),
+        del_fn_(nullptr),
+        async_read_in_progress_(false),
+        async_io_(async_io) {
+    // If async_io_ is enabled, data is asynchronously filled in second buffer
+    // while curr_ is being consumed. If data is overlapping in two buffers,
+    // data is copied to third buffer to return continuous buffer.
+    bufs_.resize(3);
+  }
 
   // Load data into the buffer from a file.
   // reader                : the file reader.
@@ -73,10 +92,19 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
   // n                     : the number of bytes to read.
   // rate_limiter_priority : rate limiting priority, or `Env::IO_TOTAL` to
   //                         bypass.
+  // is_async_read         : if the data should be prefetched by calling read
+  //                         asynchronously. It should be set true when called
+  //                         from TryReadFromCache.
   Status Prefetch(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
                   uint64_t offset, size_t n,
                   Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority);
 
+  Status PrefetchAsync(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+                       FileSystem* fs, uint64_t offset, size_t length,
+                       size_t readahead_size,
+                       Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
+                       bool& copy_to_third_buffer);
+
   // Tries returning the data for a file read from this buffer if that data is
   // in the buffer.
   // It handles tracking the minimum read offset if track_min_offset = true.
@@ -97,14 +125,20 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
                         Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
                         bool for_compaction = false);
 
+  bool TryReadFromCacheAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
+                             RandomAccessFileReader* reader, uint64_t offset,
+                             size_t n, Slice* result, Status* status,
+                             Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
+                             bool for_compaction /* = false */, FileSystem* fs);
+
   // The minimum `offset` ever passed to TryReadFromCache(). This will nly be
   // tracked if track_min_offset = true.
   size_t min_offset_read() const { return min_offset_read_; }
 
   // Called in case of implicit auto prefetching.
   void UpdateReadPattern(const uint64_t& offset, const size_t& len,
-                         bool is_adaptive_readahead = false) {
-    if (is_adaptive_readahead) {
+                         bool decrease_readaheadsize) {
+    if (decrease_readaheadsize) {
       // Since this block was eligible for prefetch but it was found in
       // cache, so check and decrease the readahead_size by 8KB (default)
       // if eligible.
@@ -114,16 +148,6 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
     prev_len_ = len;
   }
 
-  bool IsBlockSequential(const size_t& offset) {
-    return (prev_len_ == 0 || (prev_offset_ + prev_len_ == offset));
-  }
-
-  // Called in case of implicit auto prefetching.
-  void ResetValues() {
-    num_file_reads_ = 1;
-    readahead_size_ = kInitAutoReadaheadSize;
-  }
-
   void GetReadaheadState(ReadaheadFileInfo::ReadaheadInfo* readahead_info) {
     readahead_info->readahead_size = readahead_size_;
     readahead_info->num_file_reads = num_file_reads_;
@@ -141,7 +165,8 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
     //   - num_file_reads_ + 1 (including this read) >
     //   kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead
     if (implicit_auto_readahead_ && readahead_size_ > 0) {
-      if ((offset + size > buffer_offset_ + buffer_.CurrentSize()) &&
+      if ((offset + size >
+           bufs_[curr_].offset_ + bufs_[curr_].buffer_.CurrentSize()) &&
           IsBlockSequential(offset) &&
           (num_file_reads_ + 1 > kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead)) {
         size_t initial_auto_readahead_size = kInitAutoReadaheadSize;
@@ -152,9 +177,59 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
     }
   }
 
+  bool IsEligibleForPrefetch(uint64_t offset, size_t n) {
+    // Prefetch only if this read is sequential otherwise reset readahead_size_
+    // to initial value.
+    if (!IsBlockSequential(offset)) {
+      UpdateReadPattern(offset, n, false /*decrease_readaheadsize*/);
+      ResetValues();
+      return false;
+    }
+    num_file_reads_++;
+    if (num_file_reads_ <= kMinNumFileReadsToStartAutoReadahead) {
+      UpdateReadPattern(offset, n, false /*decrease_readaheadsize*/);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Callback function passed to underlying FS in case of asynchronous reads.
+  void PrefetchAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req, void* cb_arg);
+
  private:
-  AlignedBuffer buffer_;
-  uint64_t buffer_offset_;
+  // Calculates roundoff offset and length to be prefetched based on alignment
+  // and data present in buffer_. It also allocates new buffer or refit tail if
+  // required.
+  void CalculateOffsetAndLen(size_t alignment, uint64_t offset,
+                             size_t roundup_len, size_t index, bool refit_tail,
+                             uint64_t& chunk_len);
+
+  Status Read(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+              Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority, uint64_t read_len,
+              uint64_t chunk_len, uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index);
+
+  Status ReadAsync(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
+                   Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority, uint64_t read_len,
+                   uint64_t chunk_len, uint64_t rounddown_start,
+                   uint32_t index);
+
+  // Copy the data from src to third buffer.
+  void CopyDataToBuffer(uint32_t src, uint64_t& offset, size_t& length);
+
+  bool IsBlockSequential(const size_t& offset) {
+    return (prev_len_ == 0 || (prev_offset_ + prev_len_ == offset));
+  }
+
+  // Called in case of implicit auto prefetching.
+  void ResetValues() {
+    num_file_reads_ = 1;
+    readahead_size_ = kInitAutoReadaheadSize;
+  }
+
+  std::vector<BufferInfo> bufs_;
+  // curr_ represents the index for bufs_ indicating which buffer is being
+  // consumed currently.
+  uint32_t curr_;
   size_t readahead_size_;
   // FilePrefetchBuffer object won't be created from Iterator flow if
   // max_readahead_size_ = 0.
@@ -174,5 +249,12 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
   uint64_t prev_offset_;
   size_t prev_len_;
   int64_t num_file_reads_;
+
+  // io_handle_ is allocated and used by underlying file system in case of
+  // asynchronous reads.
+  void* io_handle_;
+  IOHandleDeleter del_fn_;
+  bool async_read_in_progress_;
+  bool async_io_;
 };
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

file/prefetch_test.cc

@@ -718,9 +718,11 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
 
   WriteBatch batch;
   Random rnd(309);
+  int total_keys = 0;
   for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
     for (int i = j * kNumKeys; i < (j + 1) * kNumKeys; i++) {
       ASSERT_OK(batch.Put(BuildKey(i), rnd.RandomString(1000)));
+      total_keys++;
     }
     ASSERT_OK(db_->Write(WriteOptions(), &batch));
     ASSERT_OK(Flush());
@@ -761,12 +763,16 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
     ReadOptions ro;
     if (is_adaptive_readahead) {
       ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
+      // TODO akanksha: Remove after adding new units.
+      ro.async_io = true;
     }
     auto iter = std::unique_ptr<Iterator>(db_->NewIterator(ro));
     int num_keys = 0;
     for (iter->SeekToFirst(); iter->Valid(); iter->Next()) {
+      ASSERT_OK(iter->status());
       num_keys++;
     }
+    ASSERT_EQ(num_keys, total_keys);
 
     ASSERT_GT(buff_prefetch_count, 0);
     buff_prefetch_count = 0;
@@ -854,6 +860,8 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, NonSequentialReads) {
     // Iterate until prefetch is done.
     ReadOptions ro;
     ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
+    // TODO akanksha: Remove after adding new units.
+    ro.async_io = true;
     auto iter = std::unique_ptr<Iterator>(db_->NewIterator(ro));
     iter->SeekToFirst();
     while (iter->Valid() && buff_prefetch_count == 0) {
@@ -940,6 +948,8 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
   ReadOptions ro;
   ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
+  // TODO akanksha: Remove after adding new units.
+  ro.async_io = true;
   {
     /*
      * Reseek keys from sequential Data Blocks within same partitioned
@@ -958,28 +968,35 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
     // After caching, blocks will be read from cache (Sequential blocks)
     auto iter = std::unique_ptr<Iterator>(db_->NewIterator(ro));
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1000));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1004));  // Prefetch data (not in cache).
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     ASSERT_EQ(current_readahead_size, expected_current_readahead_size);
 
     // Missed one sequential block but 1011 is already in buffer so
     // readahead will not be reset.
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1011));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     ASSERT_EQ(current_readahead_size, expected_current_readahead_size);
 
     // Eligible to Prefetch data (not in buffer) but block is in cache so no
     // prefetch will happen and will result in decrease in readahead_size.
     // readahead_size will be 8 * 1024
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1015));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     expected_current_readahead_size -= decrease_readahead_size;
 
     // 1016 is the same block as 1015. So no change in readahead_size.
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1016));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
 
     // Prefetch data (not in buffer) but found in cache. So decrease
     // readahead_size. Since it will 0 after decrementing so readahead_size will
     // be set to initial value.
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1019));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     expected_current_readahead_size = std::max(
         decrease_readahead_size,
         (expected_current_readahead_size >= decrease_readahead_size
@@ -988,6 +1005,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
 
     // Prefetch next sequential data.
     iter->Seek(BuildKey(1022));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(iter->Valid());
     ASSERT_EQ(current_readahead_size, expected_current_readahead_size);
     ASSERT_EQ(buff_prefetch_count, 2);
     buff_prefetch_count = 0;

file/random_access_file_reader.cc

@@ -424,4 +424,20 @@ IOStatus RandomAccessFileReader::PrepareIOOptions(const ReadOptions& ro,
     return PrepareIOFromReadOptions(ro, SystemClock::Default().get(), opts);
   }
 }
+
+// TODO akanksha: Add perf_times etc.
+IOStatus RandomAccessFileReader::ReadAsync(
+    FSReadRequest& req, const IOOptions& opts,
+    std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb, void* cb_arg,
+    void** io_handle, IOHandleDeleter* del_fn,
+    Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority) {
+  if (use_direct_io()) {
+    req.status = Read(opts, req.offset, req.len, &(req.result), req.scratch,
+                      nullptr /*dbg*/, rate_limiter_priority);
+    cb(req, cb_arg);
+    return IOStatus::OK();
+  }
+  return file_->ReadAsync(req, opts, cb, cb_arg, io_handle, del_fn,
+                          nullptr /*dbg*/);
+}
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

file/random_access_file_reader.h

@@ -174,5 +174,10 @@ class RandomAccessFileReader {
   bool use_direct_io() const { return file_->use_direct_io(); }
 
   IOStatus PrepareIOOptions(const ReadOptions& ro, IOOptions& opts);
+
+  IOStatus ReadAsync(FSReadRequest& req, const IOOptions& opts,
+                     std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb,
+                     void* cb_arg, void** io_handle, IOHandleDeleter* del_fn,
+                     Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority);
 };
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

include/rocksdb/options.h

@@ -1598,6 +1598,15 @@ struct ReadOptions {
   // Default: `Env::IO_TOTAL`.
   Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority = Env::IO_TOTAL;
 
+  // Experimental
+  //
+  // If async_io is enabled, RocksDB will prefetch some of data asynchronously.
+  // RocksDB apply it if reads are sequential and its internal automatic
+  // prefetching.
+  //
+  // Default: false
+  bool async_io;
+
   ReadOptions();
   ReadOptions(bool cksum, bool cache);
 };

options/options.cc

@@ -665,7 +665,8 @@ ReadOptions::ReadOptions()
       deadline(std::chrono::microseconds::zero()),
       io_timeout(std::chrono::microseconds::zero()),
       value_size_soft_limit(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
-      adaptive_readahead(false) {}
+      adaptive_readahead(false),
+      async_io(false) {}
 
 ReadOptions::ReadOptions(bool cksum, bool cache)
     : snapshot(nullptr),
@@ -689,6 +690,7 @@ ReadOptions::ReadOptions(bool cksum, bool cache)
       deadline(std::chrono::microseconds::zero()),
       io_timeout(std::chrono::microseconds::zero()),
       value_size_soft_limit(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
-      adaptive_readahead(false) {}
+      adaptive_readahead(false),
+      async_io(false) {}
 
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

table/block_based/block_based_table_iterator.cc

@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ void BlockBasedTableIterator::InitDataBlock() {
     //   Enabled after 2 sequential IOs when ReadOptions.readahead_size == 0.
     // Explicit user requested readahead:
     //   Enabled from the very first IO when ReadOptions.readahead_size is set.
-    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(rep, data_block_handle,
-                                       read_options_.readahead_size,
-                                       is_for_compaction);
+    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(
+        rep, data_block_handle, read_options_.readahead_size, is_for_compaction,
+        read_options_.async_io);
     Status s;
     table_->NewDataBlockIterator<DataBlockIter>(
         read_options_, data_block_handle, &block_iter_, BlockType::kData,

table/block_based/block_based_table_reader.cc

@@ -1472,9 +1472,9 @@ Status BlockBasedTable::MaybeReadBlockAndLoadToCache(
           // Update the block details so that PrefetchBuffer can use the read
           // pattern to determine if reads are sequential or not for
           // prefetching. It should also take in account blocks read from cache.
-          prefetch_buffer->UpdateReadPattern(handle.offset(),
-                                             BlockSizeWithTrailer(handle),
-                                             ro.adaptive_readahead);
+          prefetch_buffer->UpdateReadPattern(
+              handle.offset(), BlockSizeWithTrailer(handle),
+              ro.adaptive_readahead /*decrease_readahead_size*/);
         }
       }
     }

table/block_based/block_based_table_reader.h

@@ -652,20 +652,21 @@ struct BlockBasedTable::Rep {
   void CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(size_t readahead_size,
                                 size_t max_readahead_size,
                                 std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* fpb,
-                                bool implicit_auto_readahead) const {
+                                bool implicit_auto_readahead,
+                                bool async_io) const {
     fpb->reset(new FilePrefetchBuffer(readahead_size, max_readahead_size,
                                       !ioptions.allow_mmap_reads /* enable */,
                                       false /* track_min_offset */,
-                                      implicit_auto_readahead));
+                                      implicit_auto_readahead, async_io));
   }
 
   void CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(
       size_t readahead_size, size_t max_readahead_size,
-      std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* fpb,
-      bool implicit_auto_readahead) const {
+      std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer>* fpb, bool implicit_auto_readahead,
+      bool async_io) const {
     if (!(*fpb)) {
       CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(readahead_size, max_readahead_size, fpb,
-                               implicit_auto_readahead);
+                               implicit_auto_readahead, async_io);
     }
   }
 };

table/block_based/block_prefetcher.cc

@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 void BlockPrefetcher::PrefetchIfNeeded(const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep,
                                        const BlockHandle& handle,
                                        size_t readahead_size,
-                                       bool is_for_compaction) {
+                                       bool is_for_compaction, bool async_io) {
   if (is_for_compaction) {
-    rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(compaction_readahead_size_,
-                                             compaction_readahead_size_,
-                                             &prefetch_buffer_, false);
+    rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(
+        compaction_readahead_size_, compaction_readahead_size_,
+        &prefetch_buffer_, false, async_io);
     return;
   }
 
   // Explicit user requested readahead.
   if (readahead_size > 0) {
-    rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(readahead_size, readahead_size,
-                                             &prefetch_buffer_, false);
+    rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(
+        readahead_size, readahead_size, &prefetch_buffer_, false, async_io);
     return;
   }
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void BlockPrefetcher::PrefetchIfNeeded(const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep,
   if (rep->file->use_direct_io()) {
     rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(initial_auto_readahead_size_,
                                              max_auto_readahead_size,
-                                             &prefetch_buffer_, true);
+                                             &prefetch_buffer_, true, async_io);
     return;
   }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void BlockPrefetcher::PrefetchIfNeeded(const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep,
   if (s.IsNotSupported()) {
     rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(initial_auto_readahead_size_,
                                              max_auto_readahead_size,
-                                             &prefetch_buffer_, true);
+                                             &prefetch_buffer_, true, async_io);
     return;
   }
 

table/block_based/block_prefetcher.h

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BlockPrefetcher {
       : compaction_readahead_size_(compaction_readahead_size) {}
   void PrefetchIfNeeded(const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep,
                         const BlockHandle& handle, size_t readahead_size,
-                        bool is_for_compaction);
+                        bool is_for_compaction, bool async_io);
   FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer() { return prefetch_buffer_.get(); }
 
   void UpdateReadPattern(const uint64_t& offset, const size_t& len) {

table/block_based/partitioned_filter_block.cc

@@ -497,7 +497,8 @@ Status PartitionedFilterBlockReader::CacheDependencies(const ReadOptions& ro,
   uint64_t prefetch_len = last_off - prefetch_off;
   std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer> prefetch_buffer;
   rep->CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(0, 0, &prefetch_buffer,
-                                false /* Implicit autoreadahead */);
+                                false /* Implicit autoreadahead */,
+                                false /*async_io*/);
 
   IOOptions opts;
   s = rep->file->PrepareIOOptions(ro, opts);

table/block_based/partitioned_index_iterator.cc

@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ void PartitionedIndexIterator::InitPartitionedIndexBlock() {
     //   Enabled after 2 sequential IOs when ReadOptions.readahead_size == 0.
     // Explicit user requested readahead:
     //   Enabled from the very first IO when ReadOptions.readahead_size is set.
-    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(rep, partitioned_index_handle,
-                                       read_options_.readahead_size,
-                                       is_for_compaction);
+    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(
+        rep, partitioned_index_handle, read_options_.readahead_size,
+        is_for_compaction, read_options_.async_io);
     Status s;
     table_->NewDataBlockIterator<IndexBlockIter>(
         read_options_, partitioned_index_handle, &block_iter_,

table/block_based/partitioned_index_reader.cc

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>* PartitionIndexReader::NewIterator(
     ro.deadline = read_options.deadline;
     ro.io_timeout = read_options.io_timeout;
     ro.adaptive_readahead = read_options.adaptive_readahead;
+    ro.async_io = read_options.async_io;
     // We don't return pinned data from index blocks, so no need
     // to set `block_contents_pinned`.
     std::unique_ptr<InternalIteratorBase<IndexValue>> index_iter(
@@ -152,7 +153,8 @@ Status PartitionIndexReader::CacheDependencies(const ReadOptions& ro,
   uint64_t prefetch_len = last_off - prefetch_off;
   std::unique_ptr<FilePrefetchBuffer> prefetch_buffer;
   rep->CreateFilePrefetchBuffer(0, 0, &prefetch_buffer,
-                                false /*Implicit auto readahead*/);
+                                false /*Implicit auto readahead*/,
+                                false /*async_io*/);
   IOOptions opts;
   {
     Status s = rep->file->PrepareIOOptions(ro, opts);

table/block_fetcher.cc

@@ -69,17 +69,28 @@ inline bool BlockFetcher::TryGetFromPrefetchBuffer() {
   if (prefetch_buffer_ != nullptr) {
     IOOptions opts;
     IOStatus io_s = file_->PrepareIOOptions(read_options_, opts);
-    if (io_s.ok() &&
-        prefetch_buffer_->TryReadFromCache(
+    if (io_s.ok()) {
+      bool read_from_prefetch_buffer = false;
+      if (read_options_.async_io) {
+        read_from_prefetch_buffer = prefetch_buffer_->TryReadFromCacheAsync(
             opts, file_, handle_.offset(), block_size_with_trailer_, &slice_,
-            &io_s, read_options_.rate_limiter_priority, for_compaction_)) {
-      ProcessTrailerIfPresent();
-      if (!io_status_.ok()) {
-        return true;
+            &io_s, read_options_.rate_limiter_priority, for_compaction_,
+            ioptions_.fs.get());
+      } else {
+        read_from_prefetch_buffer = prefetch_buffer_->TryReadFromCache(
+            opts, file_, handle_.offset(), block_size_with_trailer_, &slice_,
+            &io_s, read_options_.rate_limiter_priority, for_compaction_);
       }
-      got_from_prefetch_buffer_ = true;
-      used_buf_ = const_cast<char*>(slice_.data());
-    } else if (!io_s.ok()) {
+      if (read_from_prefetch_buffer) {
+        ProcessTrailerIfPresent();
+        if (!io_status_.ok()) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        got_from_prefetch_buffer_ = true;
+        used_buf_ = const_cast<char*>(slice_.data());
+      }
+    }
+    if (!io_s.ok()) {
       io_status_ = io_s;
       return true;
     }