cache SuperVersion in thread local storage to avoid mutex lock

Summary: as title

Test Plan:
asan_check
will post results later

Reviewers: haobo, igor, dhruba, sdong

Reviewed By: haobo

CC: leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D16257

db/db_impl.cc

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "db/version_set.h"
 #include "db/write_batch_internal.h"
 #include "port/port.h"
+#include "port/likely.h"
 #include "rocksdb/compaction_filter.h"
 #include "rocksdb/db.h"
 #include "rocksdb/env.h"
@@ -270,6 +271,7 @@ DBImpl::DBImpl(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname)
       logfile_number_(0),
       super_version_(nullptr),
       super_version_number_(0),
+      local_sv_(new ThreadLocalPtr(&SuperVersionUnrefHandle)),
       tmp_batch_(),
       bg_compaction_scheduled_(0),
       bg_manual_only_(0),
@@ -288,7 +290,8 @@ DBImpl::DBImpl(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname)
       delayed_writes_(0),
       storage_options_(options),
       bg_work_gate_closed_(false),
-      refitting_level_(false) {
+      refitting_level_(false),
+      opened_successfully_(false) {
   mem_->Ref();
   env_->GetAbsolutePath(dbname, &db_absolute_path_);
 
@@ -319,12 +322,11 @@ DBImpl::DBImpl(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname)
 }
 
 DBImpl::~DBImpl() {
-  autovector<MemTable*> to_delete;
-
   // Wait for background work to finish
   if (flush_on_destroy_ && mem_->GetFirstSequenceNumber() != 0) {
     FlushMemTable(FlushOptions());
   }
+
   mutex_.Lock();
   shutting_down_.Release_Store(this);  // Any non-nullptr value is ok
   while (bg_compaction_scheduled_ ||
@@ -332,6 +334,34 @@ DBImpl::~DBImpl() {
          bg_logstats_scheduled_) {
     bg_cv_.Wait();
   }
+  mutex_.Unlock();
+
+  // Release SuperVersion reference kept in ThreadLocalPtr.
+  // This must be done outside of mutex_ since unref handler can lock mutex.
+  // It also needs to be done after FlushMemTable, which can trigger local_sv_
+  // access.
+  delete local_sv_;
+
+  mutex_.Lock();
+  if (options_.allow_thread_local) {
+    // Clean up obsolete files due to SuperVersion release.
+    // (1) Need to delete to obsolete files before closing because RepairDB()
+    // scans all existing files in the file system and builds manifest file.
+    // Keeping obsolete files confuses the repair process.
+    // (2) Need to check if we Open()/Recover() the DB successfully before
+    // deleting because if VersionSet recover fails (may be due to corrupted
+    // manifest file), it is not able to identify live files correctly. As a
+    // result, all "live" files can get deleted by accident. However, corrupted
+    // manifest is recoverable by RepairDB().
+    if (opened_successfully_) {
+      DeletionState deletion_state;
+      FindObsoleteFiles(deletion_state, true);
+      // manifest number starting from 2
+      deletion_state.manifest_file_number = 1;
+      PurgeObsoleteFiles(deletion_state);
+    }
+  }
+
   if (super_version_ != nullptr) {
     bool is_last_reference __attribute__((unused));
     is_last_reference = super_version_->Unref();
@@ -349,6 +379,7 @@ DBImpl::~DBImpl() {
     delete mem_->Unref();
   }
 
+  autovector<MemTable*> to_delete;
   imm_.current()->Unref(&to_delete);
   for (MemTable* m: to_delete) {
     delete m;
@@ -1286,6 +1317,10 @@ Status DBImpl::FlushMemTableToOutputFile(bool* madeProgress,
 
   if (s.ok()) {
     InstallSuperVersion(deletion_state);
+    // Reset SuperVersions cached in thread local storage
+    if (options_.allow_thread_local) {
+      ResetThreadLocalSuperVersions(&deletion_state);
+    }
     if (madeProgress) {
       *madeProgress = 1;
     }
@@ -2811,26 +2846,21 @@ Status DBImpl::Get(const ReadOptions& options,
 // DeletionState gets created and destructed outside of the lock -- we
 // use this convinently to:
 // * malloc one SuperVersion() outside of the lock -- new_superversion
-// * delete one SuperVersion() outside of the lock -- superversion_to_free
+// * delete SuperVersion()s outside of the lock -- superversions_to_free
 //
 // However, if InstallSuperVersion() gets called twice with the same,
 // deletion_state, we can't reuse the SuperVersion() that got malloced because
 // first call already used it. In that rare case, we take a hit and create a
-// new SuperVersion() inside of the mutex. We do similar thing
-// for superversion_to_free
+// new SuperVersion() inside of the mutex.
 void DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion(DeletionState& deletion_state) {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
   // if new_superversion == nullptr, it means somebody already used it
   SuperVersion* new_superversion =
     (deletion_state.new_superversion != nullptr) ?
     deletion_state.new_superversion : new SuperVersion();
   SuperVersion* old_superversion = InstallSuperVersion(new_superversion);
   deletion_state.new_superversion = nullptr;
-  if (deletion_state.superversion_to_free != nullptr) {
-    // somebody already put it there
-    delete old_superversion;
-  } else {
-    deletion_state.superversion_to_free = old_superversion;
-  }
+  deletion_state.superversions_to_free.push_back(old_superversion);
 }
 
 DBImpl::SuperVersion* DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion(
@@ -2839,7 +2869,10 @@ DBImpl::SuperVersion* DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion(
   new_superversion->Init(mem_, imm_.current(), versions_->current());
   SuperVersion* old_superversion = super_version_;
   super_version_ = new_superversion;
+  super_version_->db = this;
   ++super_version_number_;
+  super_version_->version_number = super_version_number_;
+
   if (old_superversion != nullptr && old_superversion->Unref()) {
     old_superversion->Cleanup();
     return old_superversion; // will let caller delete outside of mutex
@@ -2847,6 +2880,20 @@ DBImpl::SuperVersion* DBImpl::InstallSuperVersion(
   return nullptr;
 }
 
+void DBImpl::ResetThreadLocalSuperVersions(DeletionState* deletion_state) {
+  mutex_.AssertHeld();
+  autovector<void*> sv_ptrs;
+  local_sv_->Scrape(&sv_ptrs);
+  for (auto ptr : sv_ptrs) {
+    assert(ptr);
+    auto sv = static_cast<SuperVersion*>(ptr);
+    if (static_cast<SuperVersion*>(ptr)->Unref()) {
+      sv->Cleanup();
+      deletion_state->superversions_to_free.push_back(sv);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 Status DBImpl::GetImpl(const ReadOptions& options,
                        const Slice& key,
                        std::string* value,
@@ -2864,10 +2911,41 @@ Status DBImpl::GetImpl(const ReadOptions& options,
     snapshot = versions_->LastSequence();
   }
 
-  // This can be replaced by using atomics and spinlock instead of big mutex
-  mutex_.Lock();
-  SuperVersion* get_version = super_version_->Ref();
-  mutex_.Unlock();
+  // Acquire SuperVersion
+  SuperVersion* sv = nullptr;
+  if (LIKELY(options_.allow_thread_local)) {
+    // The SuperVersion is cached in thread local storage to avoid acquiring
+    // mutex when SuperVersion does not change since the last use. When a new
+    // SuperVersion is installed, the compaction or flush thread cleans up
+    // cached SuperVersion in all existing thread local storage. To avoid
+    // acquiring mutex for this operation, we use atomic Swap() on the thread
+    // local pointer to guarantee exclusive access. If the thread local pointer
+    // is being used while a new SuperVersion is installed, the cached
+    // SuperVersion can become stale. It will eventually get refreshed either
+    // on the next GetImpl() call or next SuperVersion installation.
+    sv = static_cast<SuperVersion*>(local_sv_->Swap(nullptr));
+    if (!sv || sv->version_number !=
+               super_version_number_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), NUMBER_SUPERVERSION_UPDATES);
+      SuperVersion* sv_to_delete = nullptr;
+
+      if (sv && sv->Unref()) {
+        mutex_.Lock();
+        sv->Cleanup();
+        sv_to_delete = sv;
+      } else {
+        mutex_.Lock();
+      }
+      sv = super_version_->Ref();
+      mutex_.Unlock();
+
+      delete sv_to_delete;
+    }
+  } else {
+    mutex_.Lock();
+    sv = super_version_->Ref();
+    mutex_.Unlock();
+  }
 
   bool have_stat_update = false;
   Version::GetStats stats;
@@ -2880,18 +2958,18 @@ Status DBImpl::GetImpl(const ReadOptions& options,
   // merge_operands will contain the sequence of merges in the latter case.
   LookupKey lkey(key, snapshot);
   BumpPerfTime(&perf_context.get_snapshot_time, &snapshot_timer);
-  if (get_version->mem->Get(lkey, value, &s, merge_context, options_)) {
+  if (sv->mem->Get(lkey, value, &s, merge_context, options_)) {
     // Done
     RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), MEMTABLE_HIT);
-  } else if (get_version->imm->Get(lkey, value, &s, merge_context, options_)) {
+  } else if (sv->imm->Get(lkey, value, &s, merge_context, options_)) {
     // Done
     RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), MEMTABLE_HIT);
   } else {
     StopWatchNano from_files_timer(env_, false);
     StartPerfTimer(&from_files_timer);
 
-    get_version->current->Get(options, lkey, value, &s, &merge_context, &stats,
-                              options_, value_found);
+    sv->current->Get(options, lkey, value, &s, &merge_context, &stats,
+                     options_, value_found);
     have_stat_update = true;
     BumpPerfTime(&perf_context.get_from_output_files_time, &from_files_timer);
     RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), MEMTABLE_MISS);
@@ -2900,31 +2978,32 @@ Status DBImpl::GetImpl(const ReadOptions& options,
   StopWatchNano post_process_timer(env_, false);
   StartPerfTimer(&post_process_timer);
 
-  bool delete_get_version = false;
   if (!options_.disable_seek_compaction && have_stat_update) {
     mutex_.Lock();
-    if (get_version->current->UpdateStats(stats)) {
+    if (sv->current->UpdateStats(stats)) {
       MaybeScheduleFlushOrCompaction();
     }
-    if (get_version->Unref()) {
-      get_version->Cleanup();
-      delete_get_version = true;
-    }
     mutex_.Unlock();
+  }
+
+  // Release SuperVersion
+  if (LIKELY(options_.allow_thread_local)) {
+    // Put the SuperVersion back
+    local_sv_->Reset(static_cast<void*>(sv));
   } else {
-    if (get_version->Unref()) {
+    bool delete_sv = false;
+    if (sv->Unref()) {
       mutex_.Lock();
-      get_version->Cleanup();
+      sv->Cleanup();
       mutex_.Unlock();
-      delete_get_version = true;
+      delete_sv = true;
+    }
+    if (delete_sv) {
+      delete sv;
     }
-  }
-  if (delete_get_version) {
-    delete get_version;
   }
 
   // Note, tickers are atomic now - no lock protection needed any more.
-
   RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), NUMBER_KEYS_READ);
   RecordTick(options_.statistics.get(), BYTES_READ, value->size());
   BumpPerfTime(&perf_context.get_post_process_time, &post_process_timer);
@@ -3772,6 +3851,7 @@ Status DB::Open(const Options& options, const std::string& dbname, DB** dbptr) {
   impl->mutex_.Unlock();
 
   if (s.ok()) {
+    impl->opened_successfully_ = true;
     *dbptr = impl;
   } else {
     delete impl;

db/db_impl.h

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "rocksdb/transaction_log.h"
 #include "util/autovector.h"
 #include "util/stats_logger.h"
+#include "util/thread_local.h"
 #include "db/internal_stats.h"
 
 namespace rocksdb {
@@ -152,6 +153,9 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
     // all memtables that we need to free through this vector. We then
     // delete all those memtables outside of mutex, during destruction
     autovector<MemTable*> to_delete;
+    // Version number of the current SuperVersion
+    uint64_t version_number;
+    DBImpl* db;
 
     // should be called outside the mutex
     SuperVersion() = default;
@@ -170,6 +174,16 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
               Version* new_current);
   };
 
+  static void SuperVersionUnrefHandle(void* ptr) {
+    DBImpl::SuperVersion* sv = static_cast<DBImpl::SuperVersion*>(ptr);
+    if (sv->Unref()) {
+      sv->db->mutex_.Lock();
+      sv->Cleanup();
+      sv->db->mutex_.Unlock();
+      delete sv;
+    }
+  }
+
   // needed for CleanupIteratorState
   struct DeletionState {
     inline bool HaveSomethingToDelete() const {
@@ -195,7 +209,7 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
     // a list of memtables to be free
     autovector<MemTable*> memtables_to_free;
 
-    SuperVersion* superversion_to_free; // if nullptr nothing to free
+    autovector<SuperVersion*> superversions_to_free;
 
     SuperVersion* new_superversion; // if nullptr no new superversion
 
@@ -207,7 +221,6 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
       manifest_file_number = 0;
       log_number = 0;
       prev_log_number = 0;
-      superversion_to_free = nullptr;
       new_superversion =
           create_superversion ? new SuperVersion() : nullptr;
     }
@@ -217,8 +230,10 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
       for (auto m : memtables_to_free) {
         delete m;
       }
-      // free superversion. if nullptr, this will be noop
-      delete superversion_to_free;
+      // free superversions
+      for (auto s : superversions_to_free) {
+        delete s;
+      }
       // if new_superversion was not used, it will be non-nullptr and needs
       // to be freed here
       delete new_superversion;
@@ -400,6 +415,9 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
   // InstallSuperVersion(), i.e. incremented every time super_version_
   // changes.
   std::atomic<uint64_t> super_version_number_;
+  // Thread's local copy of SuperVersion pointer
+  // This needs to be destructed after mutex_
+  ThreadLocalPtr* local_sv_;
 
   std::string host_name_;
 
@@ -489,6 +507,9 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
   // Guard against multiple concurrent refitting
   bool refitting_level_;
 
+  // Indicate DB was opened successfully
+  bool opened_successfully_;
+
   // No copying allowed
   DBImpl(const DBImpl&);
   void operator=(const DBImpl&);
@@ -515,6 +536,8 @@ class DBImpl : public DB {
   // deletion_state which can have new_superversion already allocated.
   void InstallSuperVersion(DeletionState& deletion_state);
 
+  void ResetThreadLocalSuperVersions(DeletionState* deletion_state);
+
   virtual Status GetPropertiesOfAllTables(TablePropertiesCollection* props)
       override;
 

include/rocksdb/options.h

@@ -714,6 +714,10 @@ struct Options {
   //
   // Default: 0 (disabled)
   size_t max_successive_merges;
+
+  // Allow RocksDB to use thread local storage to optimize performance.
+  // Default: true
+  bool allow_thread_local;
 };
 
 //

include/rocksdb/statistics.h

@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ enum Tickers {
   // Number of table's properties loaded directly from file, without creating
   // table reader object.
   NUMBER_DIRECT_LOAD_TABLE_PROPERTIES,
+  NUMBER_SUPERVERSION_UPDATES,
   TICKER_ENUM_MAX
 };
 
@@ -176,7 +177,9 @@ const std::vector<std::pair<Tickers, std::string>> TickersNameMap = {
     {COMPACT_READ_BYTES, "rocksdb.compact.read.bytes"},
     {COMPACT_WRITE_BYTES, "rocksdb.compact.write.bytes"},
     {NUMBER_DIRECT_LOAD_TABLE_PROPERTIES,
-     "rocksdb.number.direct.load.table.properties"}, };
+     "rocksdb.number.direct.load.table.properties"},
+    {NUMBER_SUPERVERSION_UPDATES, "rocksdb.number.superversion_updates"},
+};
 
 /**
  * Keep adding histogram's here.

port/likely.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2013, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
+//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
+
+#ifndef PORT_LIKELY_H_
+#define PORT_LIKELY_H_
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4
+#define LIKELY(x)   (__builtin_expect((x), 1))
+#define UNLIKELY(x) (__builtin_expect((x), 0))
+#else
+#define LIKELY(x)   (x)
+#define UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+#endif  // PORT_LIKELY_H_

util/options.cc

@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ Options::Options()
       inplace_callback(nullptr),
       memtable_prefix_bloom_bits(0),
       memtable_prefix_bloom_probes(6),
-      max_successive_merges(0) {
+      max_successive_merges(0),
+      allow_thread_local(true) {
   assert(memtable_factory.get() != nullptr);
 }
 

util/statistics.h

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 #include "rocksdb/statistics.h"
 #include "util/histogram.h"
 #include "util/mutexlock.h"
+#include "port/likely.h"
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <atomic>
 
-#define UNLIKELY(val) (__builtin_expect((val), 0))
 
 namespace rocksdb {
 

util/thread_local.cc

@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@
 
 #include "util/thread_local.h"
 #include "util/mutexlock.h"
+#include "port/likely.h"
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4
-#define UNLIKELY(x) (__builtin_expect((x), 0))
-#else
-#define UNLIKELY(x) (x)
-#endif
 
 namespace rocksdb {