Summary:
Annotate all of the logging functions to inform the compiler that these
use printf-style formatting arguments. This allows the compiler to emit
warnings if the format arguments are incorrect.
This also fixes many problems reported now that format string checking
is enabled. Many of these are simply mix-ups in the argument type (e.g,
int vs uint64_t), but in several cases the wrong number of arguments
were being passed in which can cause the code to crash.
The primary motivation for this was to fix the log message in
`DBImpl::SwitchMemtable()` which caused a segfault due to an extra %s
format parameter with no argument supplied.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5089
Differential Revision: D14574795
Pulled By: simpkins
fbshipit-source-id: 0921b03f0743652bf4ae21e414ff54b3bb65422a
Summary:
Since we are planning to use dictionary compression and to use different compression level, it is quite useful to add compression options to TableProperties. For example, in MyRocks, if the feature is available, we can query from information_schema.rocksdb_sst_props to see if all sst files are converted to ZSTD dictionary compressions. Resolves https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/4992
With this PR, user can query table properties through `GetPropertiesOfAllTables` API and get compression options as std::string:
`window_bits=-14; level=32767; strategy=0; max_dict_bytes=0; zstd_max_train_bytes=0; enabled=0;`
or table_properties->ToString() will also contain it
`# data blocks=1; # entries=13; # deletions=0; # merge operands=0; # range deletions=0; raw key size=143; raw average key size=11.000000; raw value size=39; raw average value size=3.000000; data block size=120; index block size (user-key? 0, delta-value? 0)=27; filter block size=0; (estimated) table size=147; filter policy name=N/A; prefix extractor name=nullptr; column family ID=0; column family name=default; comparator name=leveldb.BytewiseComparator; merge operator name=nullptr; property collectors names=[]; SST file compression algo=Snappy; SST file compression options=window_bits=-14; level=32767; strategy=0; max_dict_bytes=0; zstd_max_train_bytes=0; enabled=0; ; creation time=1552946632; time stamp of earliest key=1552946632;`
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5081
Differential Revision: D14716692
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: 7d2f2cf84e052bff876e71b4212cfdebf5be32dd
Summary:
WriteUnPrepared adds a virtual function, MaxUnpreparedSequenceNumber, to ReadCallback, which returns 0 unless WriteUnPrepared is enabled and the transaction has uncommitted data written to the DB. Together with snapshot sequence number, this determines the last sequence that is visible to reads.
The patch clarifies the guarantees of the GetIterator API in WriteUnPrepared transactions and make use of that to statically initialize the read callback and thus avoid the virtual call.
Furthermore it increases the minimum value for min_uncommitted from 0 to 1 as seq 0 is used only for last level keys that are committed in all snapshots.
The following benchmark shows +0.26% higher throughput in seekrandom benchmark.
Benchmark:
./db_bench --benchmarks=fillrandom --use_existing_db=0 --num=1000000 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench
./db_bench --benchmarks=seekrandom[X10] --use_existing_db=1 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench --num=1000000 --duration=60 --seek_nexts=100
seekrandom [AVG 10 runs] : 20355 ops/sec; 225.2 MB/sec
seekrandom [MEDIAN 10 runs] : 20425 ops/sec; 225.9 MB/sec
./db_bench_lessvirtual3 --benchmarks=seekrandom[X10] --use_existing_db=1 --db=/dev/shm/dbbench --num=1000000 --duration=60 --seek_nexts=100
seekrandom [AVG 10 runs] : 20409 ops/sec; 225.8 MB/sec
seekrandom [MEDIAN 10 runs] : 20487 ops/sec; 226.6 MB/sec
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5049
Differential Revision: D14366459
Pulled By: maysamyabandeh
fbshipit-source-id: ebaff8908332a5ae9af7defeadabcb624be660ef
Summary:
Just like ReadOptions::background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup but for ColumnFamilyHandle instead of Iterator.
In our use case we sometimes call ColumnFamilyHandle's destructor from low-latency threads, and sometimes it blocks the thread for a few seconds deleting the files. To avoid that, we can either offload ColumnFamilyHandle's destruction to a background thread on our side, or add this option on rocksdb side. This PR does the latter, to be consistent with how we solve exactly the same problem for iterators using background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup option.
(EDIT: It's avoid_unnecessary_blocking_io now, and affects both CF drops and iterator destructors.)
I'm not quite comfortable with having two separate options (background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup and background_purge_on_cf_cleanup) for such a rarely used thing. Maybe we should merge them? Rename background_purge_on_cf_cleanup to something like delete_files_on_background_threads_only or avoid_blocking_io_in_unexpected_places, and make iterators use it instead of the one in ReadOptions? I can do that here if you guys think it's better.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5043
Differential Revision: D14339233
Pulled By: al13n321
fbshipit-source-id: ccf7efa11c85c9a5b91d969bb55627d0fb01e7b8
Summary:
WAL files are currently not subject to deletion rate limiting by DeleteScheduler. If the size of the WAL files is significant, this can cause a high delete rate on SSDs that may affect other operations. To fix it, force WAL file deletions to go through the SstFileManager. Original PR for this is #2768
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5116
Differential Revision: D14669437
Pulled By: anand1976
fbshipit-source-id: c5f62d0640cebaa1574de841a1d01e4ce2faadf0
Summary:
Allow customized merge operator to be loaded from option file/map/string
by allowing users to pre-regiester merge operators to object registry.
Also update HISTORY.md and header files for the same feature for comparator.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5123
Differential Revision: D14658488
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 86ea2fbd2a0a04632d8ea9fceaffefd041f6ae61
Summary:
Automatically format public headers so it looks more consistent.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5115
Differential Revision: D14632854
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: ce9929ea62f9dcd65c69660b23eed1931cb0ae84
Summary:
The code convention we are following, Google C++ Style, discourage
alias in header files, especially public headers:
https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Aliases
Remove some of them. Might removed some from .cc files as well to be consistent.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5113
Differential Revision: D14633030
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: b990edc919d5de60295992284f980195e501d424
Summary:
This PR allows RocksDB to run in single-primary, multi-secondary process mode.
The writer is a regular RocksDB (e.g. an `DBImpl`) instance playing the role of a primary.
Multiple `DBImplSecondary` processes (secondaries) share the same set of SST files, MANIFEST, WAL files with the primary. Secondaries tail the MANIFEST of the primary and apply updates to their own in-memory state of the file system, e.g. `VersionStorageInfo`.
This PR has several components:
1. (Originally in #4745). Add a `PathNotFound` subcode to `IOError` to denote the failure when a secondary tries to open a file which has been deleted by the primary.
2. (Similar to #4602). Add `FragmentBufferedReader` to handle partially-read, trailing record at the end of a log from where future read can continue.
3. (Originally in #4710 and #4820). Add implementation of the secondary, i.e. `DBImplSecondary`.
3.1 Tail the primary's MANIFEST during recovery.
3.2 Tail the primary's MANIFEST during normal processing by calling `ReadAndApply`.
3.3 Tailing WAL will be in a future PR.
4. Add an example in 'examples/multi_processes_example.cc' to demonstrate the usage of secondary RocksDB instance in a multi-process setting. Instructions to run the example can be found at the beginning of the source code.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4899
Differential Revision: D14510945
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 4ac1c5693e6012ad23f7b4b42d3c374fecbe8886
Summary:
Introduce CPU timers for iterator seek and next operations. Seek
counter includes SeekToFirst, SeekToLast and SeekForPrev, w/ the
caveat that SeekToLast timer doesn't include some post processing
time if upper bound is defined.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5076
Differential Revision: D14525218
Pulled By: fredfsh
fbshipit-source-id: 03ba25df3b22b06c072621e4de0eacfa1445f0d9
Summary:
Right now ldb command doesn't allow cases where option values contain equals sign. For example,
```
ldb --db=/tmp/test scan --from='q=3' --max_keys=1
```
after parsing, ldb will have one option 'db', 'max_keys' and one flag 'from'.
This PR updates the parsing logic so that it now supports the above mentioned cases
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5088
Differential Revision: D14600869
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: c6ef518c74a98d7b6675ea5954ae08b1bda5554e
Summary:
[RocksDB] Make it easier for users to load options from option file and set shared block cache.
Right now, it requires several dynamic casting for users to set the shared block cache to their option struct cast from the option file.
If people don't do that, every CF of every DB will generate its own 8MB block cache. It's not a usable setting. So we are dragging every user who loads options from the file into such a mess.
Instead, we should allow them to pass their cache object to LoadLatestOptions() and LoadOptionsFromFile(), so that those loaded option structs will have the shared block cache.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5063
Differential Revision: D14518584
Pulled By: rashmishrm
fbshipit-source-id: c91430ff9425a0e67d76fc67931d755f491ca5aa
Summary:
The patch adds a new config option to LRUCacheOptions that enables
users to choose whether to use an adaptive mutex for the LRU block
cache (on platforms where adaptive mutexes are supported). The default
is true if RocksDB is compiled with -DROCKSDB_DEFAULT_TO_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX,
false otherwise.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5054
Differential Revision: D14542749
Pulled By: ltamasi
fbshipit-source-id: 0065715ab6cf91f10444b737fed8c8aee6a8a0d2
Summary:
BackupEngine relies on write-ahead logs to back up the memtable. Disabling write-ahead logs
can result in backups failing to preserve unflushed keys. This PR updates the documentation to specify this behavior, and suggest always flushing the memtable when write-ahead logs are disabled.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5071
Differential Revision: D14524124
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: 635f855f8a42ad60273b5efd226139b511e3e5d5
Summary:
Add an option to filter out READ or WRITE operations while tracing.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5082
Differential Revision: D14515083
Pulled By: mrmiywj
fbshipit-source-id: 2504c89a9abf1dd629cad44b4104092702d77610
Summary:
This is a feature to sample data-block compressibility and and report them as stats. 1 in N (tunable) blocks is sampled for compressibility using two algorithms:
1. lz4 or snappy for fast compression
2. zstd or zlib for slow but higher compression.
The stats are reported to the caller as raw-bytes and compressed-bytes. The block continues to be compressed for storage using the specified CompressionType.
The db_bench_tool how has a command line option for specifying the sampling rate. It's default value is 0 (no sampling). To test the overhead for a certain value, users can compare the performance of db_bench_tool, varying the sampling rate. It is unlikely to have a noticeable impact for high values like 20.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4842
Differential Revision: D13629011
Pulled By: shobhitdayal
fbshipit-source-id: 14ca668bcab6499b2a1734edf848eb62a4f4fafa
Summary:
There is a potential failure case in DBImpl::SwitchMemtable() that is not handled properly. The call to cur_log_writer->WriteBuffer() can fail due to an IO error. In that case, we need to call SetBGError() in order set the background error since the WriteBuffer() failure may result in data loss.
Also, the asserts for !new_mem and !new_log are incorrect, as those would have been allocated by the time this failure is detected.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5072
Differential Revision: D14461384
Pulled By: anand1976
fbshipit-source-id: fb59bce9d61378f37d2dfcd28c0b704b0f43c3cf
Summary:
This reverts commit ee1818081f.
We are not ready to deprecate this feature. revert it for now.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5034
Differential Revision: D14287246
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: e4beafdeaee1c94364fdaa6ba198218d158339f7
Summary:
Right now, users can change statistics.stats_level while DB is running, but TSAN may report
data race. We make stats_level_ to be atomic, and access them using accessors.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5030
Differential Revision: D14267519
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 37d7ebeff7a43a406230143422a16af899163f73
Summary:
Statistics cost too much CPU for some use cases. Add two stats levels
so that people can choose to skip two types of expensive stats, timers and
histograms.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/5027
Differential Revision: D14252765
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 75ecec9eaa44c06118229df4f80c366115346592
Summary:
This is my latest round of changes to add missing items to RocksJava. More to come in future PRs.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4833
Differential Revision: D14152266
Pulled By: sagar0
fbshipit-source-id: d6cff67e26da06c131491b5cf6911a8cd0db0775
Summary:
This PR adds public `GetStatsHistory` API to retrieve stats history in the form of an std map. The key of the map is the timestamp in microseconds when the stats snapshot is taken, the value is another std map from stats name to stats value (stored in std string). Two DBOptions are introduced: `stats_persist_period_sec` (default 10 minutes) controls the intervals between two snapshots are taken; `max_stats_history_count` (default 10) controls the max number of history snapshots to keep in memory. RocksDB will stop collecting stats snapshots if `stats_persist_period_sec` is set to 0.
(This PR is the in-memory part of https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4535)
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4748
Differential Revision: D13961471
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: ac836d401ecb84ea92216bf9966f969dedf4ad04
Summary:
The transaction stress tests, stress a high concurrency scenario. In WritePrepared/WriteUnPrepared we need to also stress the scenarios where an inserting/reading transaction is very slow. This would stress the corner cases that the caching is not sufficient and other slower data structures are engaged. To emulate such cases we make use of slow inserter/verifier threads and also reduce the size of cache data structures.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4974
Differential Revision: D14143070
Pulled By: maysamyabandeh
fbshipit-source-id: 81eb674678faf9fae0f654cd60ebcc74e26aeee7
Summary:
MyRocks calls `GetForUpdate` on `INSERT`, for unique key check, and in almost all cases GetForUpdate returns empty result. For such cases, whole key bloom filter is helpful.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4985
Differential Revision: D14118257
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: d35cb7109c62fd5ad541a26968e3a3e16d3e85ea
Summary:
We introduced ttl option in CompactionOptionsFIFO when ttl-based file
deletion (compaction) was supported only as part of FIFO Compaction. But
with the extension of ttl semantics even to Level compaction,
CompactionOptionsFIFO.ttl can now be deprecated. Instead we will start
using ColumnFamilyOptions.ttl for FIFO compaction as well.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4965
Differential Revision: D14072960
Pulled By: sagar0
fbshipit-source-id: c98cc2ae695a28136295787cd88d36a220fc219e
Summary:
if an operation just involves a single column family, then we do
not have to set the kInAtomicGroup tag when writing to MANIFEST. This change
can fix a compatibility test failure, i.e. 5.15 and earlier cannot recognize
kInAtomicGroup tag.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4981
Differential Revision: D14072687
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 46b0c61e399f16c6b7169de0b33430d0ed90d6d4
Summary:
as title. For people who continue to need Lua compaction filter, you
can copy the include/rocksdb/utilities/rocks_lua/lua_compaction_filter.h and
utilities/lua/rocks_lua_compaction_filter.cc to your own codebase.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4971
Differential Revision: D14047468
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 9ad1a6484a7c94e478f1e108127a3184e4069f70
Summary:
Make file ingestion atomic.
as title.
Ingesting external SST files into multiple column families should be atomic. If
a crash occurs and db reopens, either all column families have successfully
ingested the files before the crash, or non of the ingestions have any effect
on the state of the db.
Also add unit tests for atomic ingestion.
Note that the unit test here does not cover the case of incomplete atomic group
in the MANIFEST, which is covered in VersionSetTest already.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4895
Differential Revision: D13718245
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 7df97cc483af73ad44dd6993008f99b083852198
Summary:
WritePreparedTransactionDB operates with more options which should not be configurable to avoid complicating it for the users. For testing purposes however we need to change the default value of this parameters. This patch makes these parameters private fields in TransactionDBOptions so that the existing ::Open API could use them seamlessly without however exposing them to the users.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4966
Differential Revision: D14015986
Pulled By: maysamyabandeh
fbshipit-source-id: 13037efa7dfdd6f73ec7a19414b66571e044c633
Summary:
Implement trace sampling to allow user to specify the sampling frequency, i.e. save one per how many requests, so that a user does not need to log all if he/she is interested in only a sampled set.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4963
Differential Revision: D14011190
Pulled By: tang-jianfeng
fbshipit-source-id: 078b631d9319b67cb089dd2c30e21d0df8dc406a
Summary:
It would avoid bugs if the reused PinnableSlice is not actually reassigned and yet the programmer makes conclusions based on the size of the Slice.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4962
Differential Revision: D14012710
Pulled By: maysamyabandeh
fbshipit-source-id: 23f4e173386b5461fd5650f44cde470805f4e816
Summary:
We found that the behavior of CompactionFilter::IgnoreSnapshots() = false isn't
what we have expected. We thought that snapshot will always be preserved.
However, we just realized that, if no snapshot is created while compaction
starts, and a snapshot is created after that, the data seen from the snapshot
can successfully be dropped by the compaction. This creates a strange behavior
to the feature, which is hard to explain. Like what is documented in code
comment, this feature is not very useful with snapshot anyway. The decision
is to deprecate the feature.
We keep the function to avoid to break users code. However, we will fail
compactions if false is returned.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4954
Differential Revision: D13981900
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 2db8c2c3865acd86a28dca625945d1481b1d1e36
Summary:
Cuckoo Hash is less useful than we initially expected. Remove it.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4953
Differential Revision: D13979264
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 2a60afdaa989f045357398b43a1cc5d46f4492ed
Summary:
Existing implementation of PerfContext does not define copy constructor or assignment operator, which could potentially cause problems when user create copies and resets the builtin one. This PR address the issue by providing these two constructors with deep copy semantics.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4919
Differential Revision: D13960406
Pulled By: miasantreble
fbshipit-source-id: 36aab5aaee65d4480f537e4e22148faa45e8e334
Summary:
The `DeleteRange` end key is exclusive, not inclusive. Updated API comment accordingly.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4935
Differential Revision: D13905406
Pulled By: ajkr
fbshipit-source-id: f577db841a279427991ecf9005cd56b30c8eb3c7
Summary:
Measure CPU time consumed for a compaction and report it in the stats report
Enable NowCPUNanos() to work for MacOS
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4889
Differential Revision: D13701276
Pulled By: zinoale
fbshipit-source-id: 5024e5bbccd4dd10fd90d947870237f436445055
Summary:
before file ingestion (in preparation phase), verify the checksums of
the blocks of the external SST file, including properties block with global
seqno.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4916
Differential Revision: D13863501
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: dc54697f970e3807832e2460f7228fcc7efe81ee
Summary:
Store_index_in_file is a less useful feature. To simplify the code to maintain, we are dropping the feature.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4914
Differential Revision: D13791883
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: d187c5d662584866103e4b77d09dfb925509ae2e
Summary:
Previously compaction was not collapsing operands for a first
key on a layer, even in cases when it was its root of history. Some
tests (CompactionJobTest.NonAssocMerge) was actually accounting
for that bug,
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4909
Differential Revision: D13781169
Pulled By: finik
fbshipit-source-id: d2de353ecf05bec39b942cd8d5b97a8dc445f336
Summary:
- If block cache disabled or not used for meta-blocks, `BlockBasedTableReader::Rep::uncompression_dict` owns the `UncompressionDict`. It is preloaded during `PrefetchIndexAndFilterBlocks`.
- If block cache is enabled and used for meta-blocks, block cache owns the `UncompressionDict`, which holds dictionary and digested dictionary when needed. It is never prefetched though there is a TODO for this in the code. The cache key is simply the compression dictionary block handle.
- New stats for compression dictionary accesses in block cache: "BLOCK_CACHE_COMPRESSION_DICT_*" and "compression_dict_block_read_count"
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4881
Differential Revision: D13663801
Pulled By: ajkr
fbshipit-source-id: bdcc54044e180855cdcc57639b493b0e016c9a3f
Summary:
compaction_pri = kMinOverlappingRatio usually provides much better write amplification than the default.
https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4907 fixes one shortcome of this option. Make it default.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4911
Differential Revision: D13789262
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: d90acf8c4dede44f00d183ca4c7a210259378269
Summary:
By convention, time_t almost always stores the integral number of seconds since
00:00 hours, Jan 1, 1970 UTC, according to http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ctime/time_t/.
We surely want more precision than seconds.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4868
Differential Revision: D13633046
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 4e01e23a22e8838023c51a91247a286dbf3a5396
Summary:
Remove some components that we never heard people using them.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4101
Differential Revision: D8825431
Pulled By: siying
fbshipit-source-id: 97a12ad3cad4ab12c82741a5ba49669aaa854180
Summary:
as titled.
Currently it's possible to create a local object of type PerfContext since it's
part of public API. Then it's safe to initialize the two members to 0.
If PerfContext is created as thread-local object, then all members are
zero-initialized according to C++ standard.
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4859
Differential Revision: D13614504
Pulled By: riversand963
fbshipit-source-id: 406ff548e105a074f379ad1054d56fece5f524a0
Summary:
The current implementation hardcode the default options in different
places, which makes it impossible to support other environments (like
encrypted environment).
Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/4839
Differential Revision: D13573578
Pulled By: sagar0
fbshipit-source-id: 76b58b4b758902798d10ff2f52d9f39abff015e7
Adam Simpkins