Summary:
This patch addes ColumnFamilyHandle::GetDescriptor(), which allows
developers to obtain the CF options and names of the associated column
family given its handle.
// Returns the up-to-date descriptor used by the current handle. Since it
// returns the up-to-date information, this call might internally locks
// and releases DB mutex to access the up-to-date CF options.
virtual ColumnFamilyDescriptor GetDescriptor() = 0;
Test Plan: augment column_family_test
Reviewers: sdong, yoshinorim, IslamAbdelRahman, rven, kradhakrishnan, anthony
Reviewed By: anthony
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D51543
Summary:
myrocks seems to build rocksdb using
-Wmissing-field-initializers (and treats warnings as errors). This diff
adds that flag to the rocksdb build, and fixes the compilation failures
that result. I have not checked for any other differences in the build
flags for rocksdb build as part of myrocks.
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: sdong, rven
Reviewed By: rven
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D52443
Summary: ColumnFamilyTest.WriteStallSingleColumnFamily and ColumnFamilyTest.WriteStallTwoColumnFamilies didn't clean up test state cleanly, causing memory leak. Fix it.
Test Plan: Run the two tests in valgrind and make sure they now pass.
Reviewers: yhchiang, anthony, rven, kradhakrishnan, IslamAbdelRahman
Reviewed By: IslamAbdelRahman
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D52347
Summary: It's usually hard for users to set a value of options.delayed_write_rate. With this diff, after slowdown condition triggers, we greedily reduce write rate if estimated pending compaction bytes increase. If estimated compaction pending bytes drop, we increase the write rate.
Test Plan:
Add a unit test
Test with db_bench setting:
TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm/ ./db_bench --benchmarks=fillrandom -num=10000000 --soft_pending_compaction_bytes_limit=1000000000 --hard_pending_compaction_bytes_limit=3000000000 --delayed_write_rate=100000000
and make sure without the commit, write stop will happen, but with the commit, it will not happen.
Reviewers: igor, anthony, rven, yhchiang, kradhakrishnan, IslamAbdelRahman
Reviewed By: IslamAbdelRahman
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D52131
Summary:
When there are waiting manual compactions, we need to signal
them after removing the current manual compaction from the deque.
Test Plan: ColumnFamilytTest.SameCFManualManualCommaction
Reviewers: anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, kradhakrishnan, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, yoshinorim
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D52119
Summary:
This diff provides a framework for doing manual
compactions in parallel with other compactions. We now have a deque of manual compactions. We also pass manual compactions as an argument from RunManualCompactions down to
BackgroundCompactions, so that RunManualCompactions can be reentrant.
Parallelism is controlled by the two routines
ConflictingManualCompaction to allow/disallow new parallel/manual
compactions based on already existing ManualCompactions. In this diff, by default manual compactions still have to run exclusive of other compactions. However, by setting the compaction option, exclusive_manual_compaction to false, it is possible to run other compactions in parallel with a manual compaction. However, we are still restricted to one manual compaction per column family at a time. All of these restrictions will be relaxed in future diffs.
I will be adding more tests later.
Test Plan: Rocksdb regression + new tests + valgrind
Reviewers: igor, anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, kradhakrishnan, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: yoshinorim, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D47973
Summary:
This patch fix a race condition in persisting options which will cause a crash when:
* Thread A obtain cf options and start to persist options based on that cf options.
* Thread B kicks in and finish DropColumnFamily and delete cf_handle.
* Thread A wakes up and tries to finish the persisting options and crashes.
Test Plan: Add a test in column_family_test that can reproduce the crash
Reviewers: anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, rven, kradhakrishnan, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D51717
Summary:
This patch fix a race condition in persisting options which will cause a crash when:
* Thread A obtain cf options and start to persist options based on that cf options.
* Thread B kicks in and finish DropColumnFamily and delete cf_handle.
* Thread A wakes up and tries to finish the persisting options and crashes.
Test Plan: Add a test in column_family_test that can reproduce the crash
Reviewers: anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, rven, kradhakrishnan, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D51609
Summary: After the skip list optimization, ColumnFamilyTest.DifferentWriteBufferSizes can occasionally fail with flush triggering of column family 3. Insert more data to it to make sure flush will trigger.
Test Plan: Run it multiple times with both of jemaloc on and off and see it always passes. (Without thd commit the run with jemalloc fails with chance of about one in two)
Reviewers: rven, yhchiang, IslamAbdelRahman, anthony, kradhakrishnan, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D51645
Summary:
This patch allows rocksdb to persist options into a file on
DB::Open, SetOptions, and Create / Drop ColumnFamily.
Options files are created under the same directory as the rocksdb
instance.
In addition, this patch also adds a fail_if_missing_options_file in DBOptions
that makes any function call return non-ok status when it is not able to
persist options properly.
// If true, then DB::Open / CreateColumnFamily / DropColumnFamily
// / SetOptions will fail if options file is not detected or properly
// persisted.
//
// DEFAULT: false
bool fail_if_missing_options_file;
Options file names are formatted as OPTIONS-<number>, and RocksDB
will always keep the latest two options files.
Test Plan:
Add options_file_test.
options_test
column_family_test
Reviewers: igor, IslamAbdelRahman, sdong, anthony
Reviewed By: anthony
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D48285
Summary:
This patch finally fixes the ColumnFamilyTest.ReadDroppedColumnFamily test. The test has been failing very sporadically and it was hard to repro. However, I managed to write a new tests that reproes the failure deterministically.
Here's what happens:
1. We start the flush for the column family
2. We check if the column family was dropped here: a3fc49bfdd/db/flush_job.cc (L149)
3. This check goes through, ends up in InstallMemtableFlushResults() and it goes into LogAndApply()
4. At about this time, we start dropping the column family. Dropping the column family process gets to LogAndApply() at about the same time as LogAndApply() from flush process
5. Drop column family goes through LogAndApply() first, marking the column family as dropped.
6. Flush process gets woken up and gets a chance to write to the MANIFEST. However, this is where it gets stuck: a3fc49bfdd/db/version_set.cc (L1975)
7. We see that the column family was dropped, so there is no need to write to the MANIFEST. We return OK.
8. Flush gets OK back from LogAndApply() and it deletes the memtable, thinking that the data is now safely persisted to sst file.
The fix is pretty simple. Instead of OK, we return ShutdownInProgress. This is not really true, but we have been using this status code to also mean "this operation was canceled because the column family has been dropped".
The fix is only one LOC. All other code is related to tests. I added a new test that reproes the failure. I also moved SleepingBackgroundTask to util/testutil.h (because I needed it in column_family_test for my new test). There's plenty of other places where we reimplement SleepingBackgroundTask, but I'll address that in a separate commit.
Test Plan:
1. new test
2. make check
3. Make sure the ColumnFamilyTest.ReadDroppedColumnFamily doesn't fail on Travis: https://travis-ci.org/facebook/rocksdb/jobs/79952386
Reviewers: yhchiang, anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, kradhakrishnan, rven, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D46773
Summary: ReadDroppedColumnFamily is consistently failing in Travis CI environment (can't repro locally). I suspect it might be failing with non-OK status. This diff will give us more info about the failure.
Test Plan: none
Reviewers: sdong, kradhakrishnan
Reviewed By: kradhakrishnan
Subscribers: kradhakrishnan, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D46611
Summary: Currently, if users didn't set options.arena_block_size, we set "result.arena_block_size = result.write_buffer_size / 10". It makes result.arena_block_size not a multiplier of 4KB, even if options.write_buffer_size is a multiplier of MBs. When calling malloc to arena_block_size, we may waste a small amount of memory for it. We now make the default to be /8 or /16 and align it to 4KB.
Test Plan: unit tests
Reviewers: sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D46467
Summary: malloc_usable_size() gets a better estimation of memory usage. It is already used to calculate block cache memory usage. Use it in arena too.
Test Plan: Run all unit tests
Reviewers: anthony, kradhakrishnan, rven, IslamAbdelRahman, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D43317
Summary:
While working on https://reviews.facebook.net/D43179 , I found
duplicate code in the tests. This patch removes it.
Test Plan: make clean all check
Reviewers: igor, sdong, rven, anthony, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D43263
Summary:
When we first started, max_background_flushes was 0 by default and compaction thread was executing flushes (since there was no flush thread). Then, we switched the default max_background_flushes to 1. However, we still support the case where there is no flush thread and flushes are done in compaction. This is making our code a bit more complicated. By not supporting this use-case we can make our code simpler.
We have a special case that when you set max_background_flushes to 0, we
schedule the flush to execute on the compaction thread.
Test Plan: make check (there might be some unit tests that depend on this behavior)
Reviewers: IslamAbdelRahman, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D41931
Summary: Make RocksDb build and run on Windows to be functionally
complete and performant. All existing test cases run with no
regressions. Performance numbers are in the pull-request.
Test plan: make all of the existing unit tests pass, obtain perf numbers.
Co-authored-by: Praveen Rao praveensinghrao@outlook.com
Co-authored-by: Sherlock Huang baihan.huang@gmail.com
Co-authored-by: Alex Zinoviev alexander.zinoviev@me.com
Co-authored-by: Dmitri Smirnov dmitrism@microsoft.com
Summary: Make column_family_test runnable in ROCKSDB_LITE.
Test Plan: column_family_test
Reviewers: sdong, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D40251
Summary:
This diff update DB::CompactRange to use RangeCompactionOptions instead of using multiple parameters
Old CompactRange is still available but deprecated
Test Plan:
make all check
make rocksdbjava
USE_CLANG=1 make all
OPT=-DROCKSDB_LITE make release
Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D40209
Summary: Some test and benchmark codes don't build for CYGWIN. Fix it.
Test Plan: Build "make all" with TARGET_OS=Cygwin on cygwin and make sure it passes.
Reviewers: rven, yhchiang, anthony, igor, kradhakrishnan
Reviewed By: igor, kradhakrishnan
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D39711
Summary:
For transactions, we are using the memtables to validate that there are no write conflicts. But after flushing, we don't have any memtables, and transactions could fail to commit. So we want to someone keep around some extra history to use for conflict checking. In addition, we want to provide a way to increase the size of this history if too many transactions fail to commit.
After chatting with people, it seems like everyone prefers just using Memtables to store this history (instead of a separate history structure). It seems like the best place for this is abstracted inside the memtable_list. I decide to create a separate list in MemtableListVersion as using the same list complicated the flush/installalflushresults logic too much.
This diff adds a new parameter to control how much memtable history to keep around after flushing. However, it sounds like people aren't too fond of adding new parameters. So I am making the default size of flushed+not-flushed memtables be set to max_write_buffers. This should not change the maximum amount of memory used, but make it more likely we're using closer the the limit. (We are now postponing deleting flushed memtables until the max_write_buffer limit is reached). So while we might use more memory on average, we are still obeying the limit set (and you could argue it's better to go ahead and use up memory now instead of waiting for a write stall to happen to test this limit).
However, if people are opposed to this default behavior, we can easily set it to 0 and require this parameter be set in order to use transactions.
Test Plan: Added a xfunc test to play around with setting different values of this parameter in all tests. Added testing in memtablelist_test and planning on adding more testing here.
Reviewers: sdong, rven, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D37443
Summary: Ensure ColumnFamilyOptions.num_levels >= 2 when level compaction is used.
Test Plan: Extend SanitizeOptions test in column_family_test
Reviewers: sdong, rven, anthony, krishnanm86, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D38829
Summary:
Fixes#6840824, running "make check" on centos6 hits
a deadlock in column_family_test
Test Plan:
seq 10000 | parallel --gnu --eta 't=/dev/shm/rdb-{}; rm -rf
$t; mkdir $t && export TEST_TMPDIR=$t; ./column_family_test > $t/log-{}'
Made the test deterministic by narrrowing the window for the flush.
Reviewers: igor, meyering
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D38079
Summary:
Make it build for CYGWIN.
Need to define "-std=gnu++11" instead of "-std=c++11" and use some replacement functions.
Test Plan: Build it and run some unit tests in CYGWIN
Reviewers: yhchiang, rven, anthony, kradhakrishnan, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D37605
Summary:
With this change, we use L1 and up to store compaction outputs in universal compaction.
The compaction pick logic stays the same. Outputs are stored in the largest "level" as possible.
If options.num_levels=1, it behaves all the same as now.
Test Plan:
1) convert most of existing unit tests for universal comapaction to include the option of one level and multiple levels.
2) add a unit test to cover parallel compaction in universal compaction and run it in one level and multiple levels
3) add unit test to migrate from multiple level setting back to one level setting
4) add a unit test to insert keys to trigger multiple rounds of compactions and verify results.
Reviewers: rven, kradhakrishnan, yhchiang, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: meyering, leveldb, MarkCallaghan, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D34539
Summary:
Cleaning up log files can do heavy IO, since we call ftruncate() in the destructor. We don't want to call ftruncate() in user threads.
This diff moves cleaning to background threads (flush and compaction)
Test Plan: make check, will also run valgrind
Reviewers: yhchiang, rven, MarkCallaghan, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D36177
Summary:
To understand the bug read t5943287 and check out the new test in column_family_test (ReadDroppedColumnFamily), iter 0.
RocksDB contract allowes you to read a drop column family as long as there is a live reference. However, since our iteration ignores dropped column families, AddLiveFiles() didn't mark files of a dropped column families as live. So we deleted them.
In this patch I no longer ignore dropped column families in the iteration. I think this behavior was confusing and it also led to this bug. Now if an iterator client wants to ignore dropped column families, he needs to do it explicitly.
Test Plan: Added a new unit test that is failing on master. Unit test succeeds now.
Reviewers: sdong, rven, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D32535
Summary:
Our existing test notation is very similar to what is used in gtest. It makes it easy to adopt what is different.
In this diff I modify existing [[ https://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/Primer#Test_Fixtures:_Using_the_Same_Data_Configuration_for_Multiple_Te | test fixture ]] classes to inherit from `testing::Test`. Also for unit tests that use fixture class, `TEST` is replaced with `TEST_F` as required in gtest.
There are several custom `main` functions in our existing tests. To make this transition easier, I modify all `main` functions to fallow gtest notation. But eventually we can remove them and use implementation of `main` that gtest provides.
```lang=bash
% cat ~/transform
#!/bin/sh
files=$(git ls-files '*test\.cc')
for file in $files
do
if grep -q "rocksdb::test::RunAllTests()" $file
then
if grep -Eq '^class \w+Test {' $file
then
perl -pi -e 's/^(class \w+Test) {/${1}: public testing::Test {/g' $file
perl -pi -e 's/^(TEST)/${1}_F/g' $file
fi
perl -pi -e 's/(int main.*\{)/${1}::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);/g' $file
perl -pi -e 's/rocksdb::test::RunAllTests/RUN_ALL_TESTS/g' $file
fi
done
% sh ~/transform
% make format
```
Second iteration of this diff contains only scripted changes.
Third iteration contains manual changes to fix last errors and make it compilable.
Test Plan:
Build and notice no errors.
```lang=bash
% USE_CLANG=1 make check -j55
```
Tests are still testing.
Reviewers: meyering, sdong, rven, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D35157
Summary:
gtest does not use exceptions to fail a unit test by design, and `ASSERT*`s are implemented using `return`. As a consequence we cannot use `ASSERT*` in a function that does not return `void` value ([[ https://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Assertion_Placement | 1]]), and have to fix our existing code. This diff does this in a generic way, with no manual changes.
In order to detect all existing `ASSERT*` that are used in functions that doesn't return void value, I change the code to generate compile errors for such cases.
In `util/testharness.h` I defined `EXPECT*` assertions, the same way as `ASSERT*`, and redefined `ASSERT*` to return `void`. Then executed:
```lang=bash
% USE_CLANG=1 make all -j55 -k 2> build.log
% perl -naF: -e 'print "-- -number=".$F[1]." ".$F[0]."\n" if /: error:/' \
build.log | xargs -L 1 perl -spi -e 's/ASSERT/EXPECT/g if $. == $number'
% make format
```
After that I reverted back change to `ASSERT*` in `util/testharness.h`. But preserved introduced `EXPECT*`, which is the same as `ASSERT*`. This will be deleted once switched to gtest.
This diff is independent and contains manual changes only in `util/testharness.h`.
Test Plan:
Make sure all tests are passing.
```lang=bash
% USE_CLANG=1 make check
```
Reviewers: igor, lgalanis, sdong, yufei.zhu, rven, meyering
Reviewed By: meyering
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D33333
Summary:
When having fixed max_bytes_for_level_base, the ratio of size of largest level and the second one can range from 0 to the multiplier. This makes LSM tree frequently irregular and unpredictable. It can also cause poor space amplification in some cases.
In this improvement (proposed by Igor Kabiljo), we introduce a parameter option.level_compaction_use_dynamic_max_bytes. When turning it on, RocksDB is free to pick a level base in the range of (options.max_bytes_for_level_base/options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier, options.max_bytes_for_level_base] so that real level ratios are close to options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier.
Test Plan: New unit tests and pass tests suites including valgrind.
Reviewers: MarkCallaghan, rven, yhchiang, igor, ikabiljo
Reviewed By: ikabiljo
Subscribers: yoshinorim, ikabiljo, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D31437
Summary:
When using latest clang (3.6 or 3.7/trunck) rocksdb is failing with many errors. Almost all of them are missing override errors. This diff adds missing override keyword. No manual changes.
Prerequisites: bear and clang 3.5 build with extra tools
```lang=bash
% USE_CLANG=1 bear make all # generate a compilation database http://clang.llvm.org/docs/JSONCompilationDatabase.html
% clang-modernize -p . -include . -add-override
% make format
```
Test Plan:
Make sure all tests are passing.
```lang=bash
% #Use default fb code clang.
% make check
```
Verify less error and no missing override errors.
```lang=bash
% # Have trunk clang present in path.
% ROCKSDB_NO_FBCODE=1 CC=clang CXX=clang++ make
```
Reviewers: igor, kradhakrishnan, rven, meyering, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D34077
Summary: Now DB::GetSnapshot() doesn't scale to more column families, as it needs to go through all the column families to find whether snapshot is supported. This patch optimizes it.
Test Plan:
Add unit tests to cover negative cases.
make all check
Reviewers: yhchiang, rven, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D30093
Summary: This is a regression bug introduced by https://reviews.facebook.net/D24729 . max_total_wal_size would be off the target it should be more and more in the case that the a user holds the current super version after flush or compaction. This patch fixes it
Test Plan: make all check
Reviewers: yhchiang, rven, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: ljin, yoshinorim, MarkCallaghan, hermanlee4, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D29961
Summary:
In some environment such as android, the c++ library does not have
std::to_string. This path adds rocksdb::ToString(), which wraps std::to_string
when std::to_string is not available, and implements std::to_string
in the other case.
Test Plan:
make dbg -j32
./db_test
make clean
make dbg OPT=-DOS_ANDROID -j32
./db_test
Reviewers: ljin, sdong, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D29181
Summary:
We need to turn on -Wshorten-64-to-32 for mobile. See D1671432 (internal phabricator) for details.
This diff turns on the warning flag and fixes all the errors. There were also some interesting errors that I might call bugs, especially in plain table. Going forward, I think it makes sense to have this flag turned on and be very very careful when converting 64-bit to 32-bit variables.
Test Plan: compiles
Reviewers: ljin, rven, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: bobbaldwin, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D28689
Summary:
Before this diff, whenever we Write to non-existing column family, Write() would fail.
This diff adds an option to not fail a Write() when WriteBatch points to non-existing column family. MongoDB said this would be useful for them, since they might have a transaction updating an index that was dropped by another thread. This way, they don't have to worry about checking if all indexes are alive on every write. They don't care if they lose writes to dropped index.
Test Plan: added a small unit test
Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang, ljin
Reviewed By: ljin
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D22143
Summary:
I will move compression related options in a separate diff since this
diff is already pretty lengthy.
I guess I will also need to change JNI accordingly :(
Test Plan: make all check
Reviewers: yhchiang, igor, sdong
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D21915
Summary:
Currently DBImpl::Flush() triggers flushes in all column families.
Instead we need to trigger just the column family specified.
Test Plan: make all check
Reviewers: igor, ljin, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D20841
Summary:
As discussed in our internal group, we don't get much use of seek compaction at the moment, while it's making code more complicated and slower in some cases.
This diff removes seek compaction and (hopefully) all code that was introduced to support seek compaction.
There is one test case that relied on didIO information. I'll try to find another way to implement it.
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: sdong, haobo, yhchiang, ljin, dhruba
Reviewed By: ljin
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D19161
Venkatesh Radhakrishnan