rocksdb/table/block.h

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#pragma once
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
#ifdef OS_FREEBSD
#include <malloc_np.h>
#else
#include <malloc.h>
#endif
#endif

#include "db/dbformat.h"
#include "db/pinned_iterators_manager.h"
#include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
#include "rocksdb/options.h"
#include "rocksdb/statistics.h"
#include "table/block_prefix_index.h"
#include "table/internal_iterator.h"
#include "util/random.h"
#include "util/sync_point.h"
#include "format.h"

namespace rocksdb {

struct BlockContents;
class Comparator;
class BlockIter;
class BlockPrefixIndex;

// BlockReadAmpBitmap is a bitmap that map the rocksdb::Block data bytes to
// a bitmap with ratio bytes_per_bit. Whenever we access a range of bytes in
// the Block we update the bitmap and increment READ_AMP_ESTIMATE_USEFUL_BYTES.
class BlockReadAmpBitmap {
 public:
  explicit BlockReadAmpBitmap(size_t block_size, size_t bytes_per_bit,
                              Statistics* statistics)
      : bitmap_(nullptr),
        bytes_per_bit_pow_(0),
        statistics_(statistics),
        rnd_(
            Random::GetTLSInstance()->Uniform(static_cast<int>(bytes_per_bit))) {
    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("BlockReadAmpBitmap:rnd", &rnd_);
    assert(block_size > 0 && bytes_per_bit > 0);

    // convert bytes_per_bit to be a power of 2
    while (bytes_per_bit >>= 1) {
      bytes_per_bit_pow_++;
    }

    // num_bits_needed = ceil(block_size / bytes_per_bit)
    size_t num_bits_needed =
      ((block_size - 1) >> bytes_per_bit_pow_) + 1;
    assert(num_bits_needed > 0);

    // bitmap_size = ceil(num_bits_needed / kBitsPerEntry)
    size_t bitmap_size = (num_bits_needed - 1) / kBitsPerEntry + 1;

    // Create bitmap and set all the bits to 0
    bitmap_ = new std::atomic<uint32_t>[bitmap_size]();

    RecordTick(GetStatistics(), READ_AMP_TOTAL_READ_BYTES, block_size);
  }

  ~BlockReadAmpBitmap() { delete[] bitmap_; }

  void Mark(uint32_t start_offset, uint32_t end_offset) {
    assert(end_offset >= start_offset);
    // Index of first bit in mask
    uint32_t start_bit =
        (start_offset + (1 << bytes_per_bit_pow_) - rnd_ - 1) >>
        bytes_per_bit_pow_;
    // Index of last bit in mask + 1
    uint32_t exclusive_end_bit =
        (end_offset + (1 << bytes_per_bit_pow_) - rnd_) >> bytes_per_bit_pow_;
    if (start_bit >= exclusive_end_bit) {
      return;
    }
    assert(exclusive_end_bit > 0);

    if (GetAndSet(start_bit) == 0) {
      uint32_t new_useful_bytes = (exclusive_end_bit - start_bit)
                                  << bytes_per_bit_pow_;
      RecordTick(GetStatistics(), READ_AMP_ESTIMATE_USEFUL_BYTES,
                 new_useful_bytes);
    }
  }

  Statistics* GetStatistics() {
    return statistics_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  }

  void SetStatistics(Statistics* stats) { statistics_.store(stats); }

  uint32_t GetBytesPerBit() { return 1 << bytes_per_bit_pow_; }

  size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const {
#ifdef ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
    return malloc_usable_size((void*)this);
#endif  // ROCKSDB_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
    return sizeof(*this);
  }

 private:
  // Get the current value of bit at `bit_idx` and set it to 1
  inline bool GetAndSet(uint32_t bit_idx) {
    const uint32_t byte_idx = bit_idx / kBitsPerEntry;
    const uint32_t bit_mask = 1 << (bit_idx % kBitsPerEntry);

    return bitmap_[byte_idx].fetch_or(bit_mask, std::memory_order_relaxed) &
           bit_mask;
  }

  const uint32_t kBytesPersEntry = sizeof(uint32_t);   // 4 bytes
  const uint32_t kBitsPerEntry = kBytesPersEntry * 8;  // 32 bits

  // Bitmap used to record the bytes that we read, use atomic to protect
  // against multiple threads updating the same bit
  std::atomic<uint32_t>* bitmap_;
  // (1 << bytes_per_bit_pow_) is bytes_per_bit. Use power of 2 to optimize
  // muliplication and division
  uint8_t bytes_per_bit_pow_;
  // Pointer to DB Statistics object, Since this bitmap may outlive the DB
  // this pointer maybe invalid, but the DB will update it to a valid pointer
  // by using SetStatistics() before calling Mark()
  std::atomic<Statistics*> statistics_;
  uint32_t rnd_;
};

class Block {
 public:
  // Initialize the block with the specified contents.
  explicit Block(BlockContents&& contents, SequenceNumber _global_seqno,
                 size_t read_amp_bytes_per_bit = 0,
                 Statistics* statistics = nullptr);

  ~Block() = default;

  size_t size() const { return size_; }
  const char* data() const { return data_; }
  bool cachable() const { return contents_.cachable; }
  // The additional memory space taken by the block data.
  size_t usable_size() const { return contents_.usable_size(); }
  uint32_t NumRestarts() const;
  CompressionType compression_type() const {
    return contents_.compression_type;
  }

  // If hash index lookup is enabled and `use_hash_index` is true. This block
  // will do hash lookup for the key prefix.
  //
  // NOTE: for the hash based lookup, if a key prefix doesn't match any key,
  // the iterator will simply be set as "invalid", rather than returning
  // the key that is just pass the target key.
  //
  // If comparator is InternalKeyComparator, user_comparator is its user
  // comparator; they are equal otherwise.
  //
  // If iter is null, return new Iterator
  // If iter is not null, update this one and return it as Iterator*
  //
  // If total_order_seek is true, hash_index_ and prefix_index_ are ignored.
  // This option only applies for index block. For data block, hash_index_
  // and prefix_index_ are null, so this option does not matter.
  BlockIter* NewIterator(const Comparator* comparator,
                         const Comparator* user_comparator,
                         BlockIter* iter = nullptr,
                         bool total_order_seek = true,
                         Statistics* stats = nullptr,
                         bool key_includes_seq = true);
  void SetBlockPrefixIndex(BlockPrefixIndex* prefix_index);

  // Report an approximation of how much memory has been used.
  size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const;

  SequenceNumber global_seqno() const { return global_seqno_; }

 private:
  BlockContents contents_;
  const char* data_;            // contents_.data.data()
  size_t size_;                 // contents_.data.size()
  uint32_t restart_offset_;     // Offset in data_ of restart array
  uint32_t num_restarts_;
  std::unique_ptr<BlockPrefixIndex> prefix_index_;
  std::unique_ptr<BlockReadAmpBitmap> read_amp_bitmap_;
  // All keys in the block will have seqno = global_seqno_, regardless of
  // the encoded value (kDisableGlobalSequenceNumber means disabled)
  const SequenceNumber global_seqno_;

  // No copying allowed
  Block(const Block&) = delete;
  void operator=(const Block&) = delete;
};

class BlockIter final : public InternalIterator {
 public:
  // Object created using this constructor will behave like an iterator
  // against an empty block. The state after the creation: Valid()=false
  // and status() is OK.
  BlockIter()
      : comparator_(nullptr),
        user_comparator_(nullptr),
        data_(nullptr),
        restarts_(0),
        num_restarts_(0),
        current_(0),
        restart_index_(0),
        status_(Status::OK()),
        prefix_index_(nullptr),
        key_pinned_(false),
        key_includes_seq_(true),
        global_seqno_(kDisableGlobalSequenceNumber),
        read_amp_bitmap_(nullptr),
        last_bitmap_offset_(0),
        block_contents_pinned_(false) {}

  BlockIter(const Comparator* comparator, const Comparator* user_comparator,
            const char* data, uint32_t restarts, uint32_t num_restarts,
            BlockPrefixIndex* prefix_index, SequenceNumber global_seqno,
            BlockReadAmpBitmap* read_amp_bitmap, bool key_includes_seq,
            bool block_contents_pinned)
      : BlockIter() {
    Initialize(comparator, user_comparator, data, restarts, num_restarts,
               prefix_index, global_seqno, read_amp_bitmap, key_includes_seq,
               block_contents_pinned);
  }

  void Initialize(const Comparator* comparator,
                  const Comparator* user_comparator, const char* data,
                  uint32_t restarts, uint32_t num_restarts,
                  BlockPrefixIndex* prefix_index, SequenceNumber global_seqno,
                  BlockReadAmpBitmap* read_amp_bitmap, bool key_includes_seq,
                  bool block_contents_pinned) {
    assert(data_ == nullptr);           // Ensure it is called only once
    assert(num_restarts > 0);           // Ensure the param is valid

    comparator_ = comparator;
    user_comparator_ = user_comparator;
    data_ = data;
    restarts_ = restarts;
    num_restarts_ = num_restarts;
    current_ = restarts_;
    restart_index_ = num_restarts_;
    prefix_index_ = prefix_index;
    global_seqno_ = global_seqno;
    read_amp_bitmap_ = read_amp_bitmap;
    last_bitmap_offset_ = current_ + 1;
    key_includes_seq_ = key_includes_seq;
    block_contents_pinned_ = block_contents_pinned;
  }

  // Makes Valid() return false, status() return `s`, and Seek()/Prev()/etc do
  // nothing. Calls cleanup functions.
  void Invalidate(Status s) {
    // Assert that the BlockIter is never deleted while Pinning is Enabled.
    assert(!pinned_iters_mgr_ ||
           (pinned_iters_mgr_ && !pinned_iters_mgr_->PinningEnabled()));

    data_ = nullptr;
    current_ = restarts_;
    status_ = s;

    // Call cleanup callbacks.
    Cleanable::Reset();

    // Clear prev entries cache.
    prev_entries_keys_buff_.clear();
    prev_entries_.clear();
    prev_entries_idx_ = -1;
  }

  virtual bool Valid() const override { return current_ < restarts_; }
  virtual Status status() const override { return status_; }
  virtual Slice key() const override {
    assert(Valid());
    return key_includes_seq_ ? key_.GetInternalKey() : key_.GetUserKey();
  }
  virtual Slice value() const override {
    assert(Valid());
    if (read_amp_bitmap_ && current_ < restarts_ &&
        current_ != last_bitmap_offset_) {
      read_amp_bitmap_->Mark(current_ /* current entry offset */,
                             NextEntryOffset() - 1);
      last_bitmap_offset_ = current_;
    }
    return value_;
  }

  virtual void Next() override;

  virtual void Prev() override;

  virtual void Seek(const Slice& target) override;

  virtual void SeekForPrev(const Slice& target) override;

  virtual void SeekToFirst() override;

  virtual void SeekToLast() override;

#ifndef NDEBUG
  ~BlockIter() {
    // Assert that the BlockIter is never deleted while Pinning is Enabled.
    assert(!pinned_iters_mgr_ ||
           (pinned_iters_mgr_ && !pinned_iters_mgr_->PinningEnabled()));
  }
  virtual void SetPinnedItersMgr(
      PinnedIteratorsManager* pinned_iters_mgr) override {
    pinned_iters_mgr_ = pinned_iters_mgr;
  }
  PinnedIteratorsManager* pinned_iters_mgr_ = nullptr;
#endif

  virtual bool IsKeyPinned() const override {
    return block_contents_pinned_ && key_pinned_;
  }

  virtual bool IsValuePinned() const override { return block_contents_pinned_; }

  size_t TEST_CurrentEntrySize() { return NextEntryOffset() - current_; }

  uint32_t ValueOffset() const {
    return static_cast<uint32_t>(value_.data() - data_);
  }

 private:
  // Note: The type could be changed to InternalKeyComparator but we see a weird
  // performance drop by that.
  const Comparator* comparator_;
  // Same as comparator_ if comparator_ is not InernalKeyComparator
  const Comparator* user_comparator_;
  const char* data_;       // underlying block contents
  uint32_t restarts_;      // Offset of restart array (list of fixed32)
  uint32_t num_restarts_;  // Number of uint32_t entries in restart array

  // current_ is offset in data_ of current entry.  >= restarts_ if !Valid
  uint32_t current_;
  uint32_t restart_index_;  // Index of restart block in which current_ falls
  IterKey key_;
  Slice value_;
  Status status_;
  BlockPrefixIndex* prefix_index_;
  bool key_pinned_;
  // Key is in InternalKey format
  bool key_includes_seq_;
  SequenceNumber global_seqno_;

 public:
  // read-amp bitmap
  BlockReadAmpBitmap* read_amp_bitmap_;
  // last `current_` value we report to read-amp bitmp
  mutable uint32_t last_bitmap_offset_;
  // whether the block data is guaranteed to outlive this iterator
  bool block_contents_pinned_;

  struct CachedPrevEntry {
    explicit CachedPrevEntry(uint32_t _offset, const char* _key_ptr,
                             size_t _key_offset, size_t _key_size, Slice _value)
        : offset(_offset),
          key_ptr(_key_ptr),
          key_offset(_key_offset),
          key_size(_key_size),
          value(_value) {}

    // offset of entry in block
    uint32_t offset;
    // Pointer to key data in block (nullptr if key is delta-encoded)
    const char* key_ptr;
    // offset of key in prev_entries_keys_buff_ (0 if key_ptr is not nullptr)
    size_t key_offset;
    // size of key
    size_t key_size;
    // value slice pointing to data in block
    Slice value;
  };
  std::string prev_entries_keys_buff_;
  std::vector<CachedPrevEntry> prev_entries_;
  int32_t prev_entries_idx_ = -1;

  inline int Compare(const Slice& a, const Slice& b) const {
    if (key_includes_seq_) {
      return comparator_->Compare(a, b);
    } else {
      return user_comparator_->Compare(a, b);
    }
  }

  inline int Compare(const IterKey& ikey, const Slice& b) const {
    if (key_includes_seq_) {
      return comparator_->Compare(ikey.GetInternalKey(), b);
    } else {
      return user_comparator_->Compare(ikey.GetUserKey(), b);
    }
  }

  // Return the offset in data_ just past the end of the current entry.
  inline uint32_t NextEntryOffset() const {
    // NOTE: We don't support blocks bigger than 2GB
    return static_cast<uint32_t>((value_.data() + value_.size()) - data_);
  }

  uint32_t GetRestartPoint(uint32_t index) {
    assert(index < num_restarts_);
    return DecodeFixed32(data_ + restarts_ + index * sizeof(uint32_t));
  }

  void SeekToRestartPoint(uint32_t index) {
    key_.Clear();
    restart_index_ = index;
    // current_ will be fixed by ParseNextKey();

    // ParseNextKey() starts at the end of value_, so set value_ accordingly
    uint32_t offset = GetRestartPoint(index);
    value_ = Slice(data_ + offset, 0);
  }

  void CorruptionError();

  bool ParseNextKey();

  bool BinarySeek(const Slice& target, uint32_t left, uint32_t right,
                  uint32_t* index);

  int CompareBlockKey(uint32_t block_index, const Slice& target);

  bool BinaryBlockIndexSeek(const Slice& target, uint32_t* block_ids,
                            uint32_t left, uint32_t right,
                            uint32_t* index);

  bool PrefixSeek(const Slice& target, uint32_t* index);

};

}  // namespace rocksdb