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rocksdb/include/rocksdb/table.h

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// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
//
// Currently we support two types of tables: plain table and block-based table.
// 1. Block-based table: this is the default table type that we inherited from
// LevelDB, which was designed for storing data in hard disk or flash
// device.
// 2. Plain table: it is one of RocksDB's SST file format optimized
// for low query latency on pure-memory or really low-latency media.
//
// A tutorial of rocksdb table formats is available here:
// https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki/A-Tutorial-of-RocksDB-SST-formats
//
// Example code is also available
// https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki/A-Tutorial-of-RocksDB-SST-formats#wiki-examples
#pragma once
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
#include "rocksdb/options.h"
#include "rocksdb/status.h"
namespace rocksdb {
// -- Block-based Table
class FlushBlockPolicyFactory;
class PersistentCache;
class RandomAccessFile;
struct TableReaderOptions;
struct TableBuilderOptions;
class TableBuilder;
class TableReader;
class WritableFileWriter;
struct EnvOptions;
struct Options;
using std::unique_ptr;
enum ChecksumType : char {
kNoChecksum = 0x0, // not yet supported. Will fail
kCRC32c = 0x1,
kxxHash = 0x2,
};
// For advanced user only
struct BlockBasedTableOptions {
// @flush_block_policy_factory creates the instances of flush block policy.
// which provides a configurable way to determine when to flush a block in
// the block based tables. If not set, table builder will use the default
// block flush policy, which cut blocks by block size (please refer to
// `FlushBlockBySizePolicy`).
std::shared_ptr<FlushBlockPolicyFactory> flush_block_policy_factory;
// TODO(kailiu) Temporarily disable this feature by making the default value
// to be false.
//
// Indicating if we'd put index/filter blocks to the block cache.
// If not specified, each "table reader" object will pre-load index/filter
// block during table initialization.
bool cache_index_and_filter_blocks = false;
// If cache_index_and_filter_blocks is enabled, cache index and filter
// blocks with high priority. If set to true, depending on implementation of
// block cache, index and filter blocks may be less likely to be evicted
// than data blocks.
bool cache_index_and_filter_blocks_with_high_priority = false;
// if cache_index_and_filter_blocks is true and the below is true, then
// filter and index blocks are stored in the cache, but a reference is
// held in the "table reader" object so the blocks are pinned and only
// evicted from cache when the table reader is freed.
bool pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache = false;
// The index type that will be used for this table.
enum IndexType : char {
// A space efficient index block that is optimized for
// binary-search-based index.
kBinarySearch,
// The hash index, if enabled, will do the hash lookup when
// `Options.prefix_extractor` is provided.
kHashSearch,
// TODO(myabandeh): this feature is in experimental phase and shall not be
// used in production; either remove the feature or remove this comment if
// it is ready to be used in production.
// A two-level index implementation. Both levels are binary search indexes.
kTwoLevelIndexSearch,
};
IndexType index_type = kBinarySearch;
// This option is now deprecated. No matter what value it is set to,
// it will behave as if hash_index_allow_collision=true.
bool hash_index_allow_collision = true;
// Use the specified checksum type. Newly created table files will be
// protected with this checksum type. Old table files will still be readable,
// even though they have different checksum type.
ChecksumType checksum = kCRC32c;
// Disable block cache. If this is set to true,
// then no block cache should be used, and the block_cache should
// point to a nullptr object.
bool no_block_cache = false;
// If non-NULL use the specified cache for blocks.
// If NULL, rocksdb will automatically create and use an 8MB internal cache.
std::shared_ptr<Cache> block_cache = nullptr;
// If non-NULL use the specified cache for pages read from device
// IF NULL, no page cache is used
std::shared_ptr<PersistentCache> persistent_cache = nullptr;
// If non-NULL use the specified cache for compressed blocks.
// If NULL, rocksdb will not use a compressed block cache.
std::shared_ptr<Cache> block_cache_compressed = nullptr;
// Approximate size of user data packed per block. Note that the
// block size specified here corresponds to uncompressed data. The
// actual size of the unit read from disk may be smaller if
// compression is enabled. This parameter can be changed dynamically.
size_t block_size = 4 * 1024;
// This is used to close a block before it reaches the configured
// 'block_size'. If the percentage of free space in the current block is less
// than this specified number and adding a new record to the block will
// exceed the configured block size, then this block will be closed and the
// new record will be written to the next block.
int block_size_deviation = 10;
// Number of keys between restart points for delta encoding of keys.
// This parameter can be changed dynamically. Most clients should
// leave this parameter alone. The minimum value allowed is 1. Any smaller
// value will be silently overwritten with 1.
int block_restart_interval = 16;
// Same as block_restart_interval but used for the index block.
int index_block_restart_interval = 1;
// Block size for partitioned metadata. Currently applied to indexes when
// kTwoLevelIndexSearch is used and to filters when partition_filters is used.
// Note: Since in the current implementation the filters and index partitions
// are aligned, an index/filter block is created when either index or filter
// block size reaches the specified limit.
// Note: this limit is currently applied to only index blocks; a filter
// partition is cut right after an index block is cut
// TODO(myabandeh): remove the note above when filter partitions are cut
// separately
uint64_t metadata_block_size = 4096;
// Note: currently this option requires kTwoLevelIndexSearch to be set as
// well.
// TODO(myabandeh): remove the note above once the limitation is lifted
// TODO(myabandeh): this feature is in experimental phase and shall not be
// used in production; either remove the feature or remove this comment if
// it is ready to be used in production.
// Use partitioned full filters for each SST file
bool partition_filters = false;
// Use delta encoding to compress keys in blocks.
// ReadOptions::pin_data requires this option to be disabled.
//
// Default: true
bool use_delta_encoding = true;
// If non-nullptr, use the specified filter policy to reduce disk reads.
// Many applications will benefit from passing the result of
// NewBloomFilterPolicy() here.
std::shared_ptr<const FilterPolicy> filter_policy = nullptr;
// If true, place whole keys in the filter (not just prefixes).
// This must generally be true for gets to be efficient.
bool whole_key_filtering = true;
// Verify that decompressing the compressed block gives back the input. This
// is a verification mode that we use to detect bugs in compression
// algorithms.
bool verify_compression = false;
// If used, For every data block we load into memory, we will create a bitmap
// of size ((block_size / `read_amp_bytes_per_bit`) / 8) bytes. This bitmap
// will be used to figure out the percentage we actually read of the blocks.
//
// When this feature is used Tickers::READ_AMP_ESTIMATE_USEFUL_BYTES and
// Tickers::READ_AMP_TOTAL_READ_BYTES can be used to calculate the
// read amplification using this formula
// (READ_AMP_TOTAL_READ_BYTES / READ_AMP_ESTIMATE_USEFUL_BYTES)
//
// value => memory usage (percentage of loaded blocks memory)
// 1 => 12.50 %
// 2 => 06.25 %
// 4 => 03.12 %
// 8 => 01.56 %
// 16 => 00.78 %
//
// Note: This number must be a power of 2, if not it will be sanitized
// to be the next lowest power of 2, for example a value of 7 will be
// treated as 4, a value of 19 will be treated as 16.
//
// Default: 0 (disabled)
uint32_t read_amp_bytes_per_bit = 0;
// We currently have three versions:
// 0 -- This version is currently written out by all RocksDB's versions by
// default. Can be read by really old RocksDB's. Doesn't support changing
// checksum (default is CRC32).
// 1 -- Can be read by RocksDB's versions since 3.0. Supports non-default
// checksum, like xxHash. It is written by RocksDB when
// BlockBasedTableOptions::checksum is something other than kCRC32c. (version
// 0 is silently upconverted)
// 2 -- Can be read by RocksDB's versions since 3.10. Changes the way we
// encode compressed blocks with LZ4, BZip2 and Zlib compression. If you
// don't plan to run RocksDB before version 3.10, you should probably use
// this.
// This option only affects newly written tables. When reading exising tables,
// the information about version is read from the footer.
uint32_t format_version = 2;
};
// Table Properties that are specific to block-based table properties.
struct BlockBasedTablePropertyNames {
// value of this propertis is a fixed int32 number.
static const std::string kIndexType;
// value is "1" for true and "0" for false.
static const std::string kWholeKeyFiltering;
// value is "1" for true and "0" for false.
static const std::string kPrefixFiltering;
};
// Create default block based table factory.
extern TableFactory* NewBlockBasedTableFactory(
const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options = BlockBasedTableOptions());
#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
enum EncodingType : char {
// Always write full keys without any special encoding.
kPlain,
// Find opportunity to write the same prefix once for multiple rows.
// In some cases, when a key follows a previous key with the same prefix,
// instead of writing out the full key, it just writes out the size of the
// shared prefix, as well as other bytes, to save some bytes.
//
// When using this option, the user is required to use the same prefix
// extractor to make sure the same prefix will be extracted from the same key.
// The Name() value of the prefix extractor will be stored in the file. When
// reopening the file, the name of the options.prefix_extractor given will be
// bitwise compared to the prefix extractors stored in the file. An error
// will be returned if the two don't match.
kPrefix,
};
// Table Properties that are specific to plain table properties.
struct PlainTablePropertyNames {
static const std::string kEncodingType;
static const std::string kBloomVersion;
static const std::string kNumBloomBlocks;
};
const uint32_t kPlainTableVariableLength = 0;
struct PlainTableOptions {
// @user_key_len: plain table has optimization for fix-sized keys, which can
// be specified via user_key_len. Alternatively, you can pass
// `kPlainTableVariableLength` if your keys have variable
// lengths.
uint32_t user_key_len = kPlainTableVariableLength;
// @bloom_bits_per_key: the number of bits used for bloom filer per prefix.
// You may disable it by passing a zero.
int bloom_bits_per_key = 10;
// @hash_table_ratio: the desired utilization of the hash table used for
// prefix hashing.
// hash_table_ratio = number of prefixes / #buckets in the
// hash table
double hash_table_ratio = 0.75;
// @index_sparseness: inside each prefix, need to build one index record for
// how many keys for binary search inside each hash bucket.
// For encoding type kPrefix, the value will be used when
// writing to determine an interval to rewrite the full
// key. It will also be used as a suggestion and satisfied
// when possible.
size_t index_sparseness = 16;
// @huge_page_tlb_size: if <=0, allocate hash indexes and blooms from malloc.
// Otherwise from huge page TLB. The user needs to
// reserve huge pages for it to be allocated, like:
// sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=20
// See linux doc Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt
size_t huge_page_tlb_size = 0;
// @encoding_type: how to encode the keys. See enum EncodingType above for
// the choices. The value will determine how to encode keys
// when writing to a new SST file. This value will be stored
// inside the SST file which will be used when reading from
// the file, which makes it possible for users to choose
// different encoding type when reopening a DB. Files with
// different encoding types can co-exist in the same DB and
// can be read.
EncodingType encoding_type = kPlain;
// @full_scan_mode: mode for reading the whole file one record by one without
// using the index.
bool full_scan_mode = false;
// @store_index_in_file: compute plain table index and bloom filter during
// file building and store it in file. When reading
// file, index will be mmaped instead of recomputation.
bool store_index_in_file = false;
};
// -- Plain Table with prefix-only seek
// For this factory, you need to set Options.prefix_extrator properly to make it
// work. Look-up will starts with prefix hash lookup for key prefix. Inside the
// hash bucket found, a binary search is executed for hash conflicts. Finally,
// a linear search is used.
extern TableFactory* NewPlainTableFactory(const PlainTableOptions& options =
PlainTableOptions());
struct CuckooTablePropertyNames {
// The key that is used to fill empty buckets.
static const std::string kEmptyKey;
// Fixed length of value.
static const std::string kValueLength;
// Number of hash functions used in Cuckoo Hash.
static const std::string kNumHashFunc;
// It denotes the number of buckets in a Cuckoo Block. Given a key and a
// particular hash function, a Cuckoo Block is a set of consecutive buckets,
// where starting bucket id is given by the hash function on the key. In case
// of a collision during inserting the key, the builder tries to insert the
// key in other locations of the cuckoo block before using the next hash
// function. This reduces cache miss during read operation in case of
// collision.
static const std::string kCuckooBlockSize;
// Size of the hash table. Use this number to compute the modulo of hash
// function. The actual number of buckets will be kMaxHashTableSize +
// kCuckooBlockSize - 1. The last kCuckooBlockSize-1 buckets are used to
// accommodate the Cuckoo Block from end of hash table, due to cache friendly
// implementation.
static const std::string kHashTableSize;
// Denotes if the key sorted in the file is Internal Key (if false)
// or User Key only (if true).
static const std::string kIsLastLevel;
// Indicate if using identity function for the first hash function.
static const std::string kIdentityAsFirstHash;
// Indicate if using module or bit and to calculate hash value
static const std::string kUseModuleHash;
// Fixed user key length
static const std::string kUserKeyLength;
};
struct CuckooTableOptions {
// Determines the utilization of hash tables. Smaller values
// result in larger hash tables with fewer collisions.
double hash_table_ratio = 0.9;
// A property used by builder to determine the depth to go to
// to search for a path to displace elements in case of
// collision. See Builder.MakeSpaceForKey method. Higher
// values result in more efficient hash tables with fewer
// lookups but take more time to build.
uint32_t max_search_depth = 100;
// In case of collision while inserting, the builder
// attempts to insert in the next cuckoo_block_size
// locations before skipping over to the next Cuckoo hash
// function. This makes lookups more cache friendly in case
// of collisions.
uint32_t cuckoo_block_size = 5;
// If this option is enabled, user key is treated as uint64_t and its value
// is used as hash value directly. This option changes builder's behavior.
// Reader ignore this option and behave according to what specified in table
// property.
bool identity_as_first_hash = false;
// If this option is set to true, module is used during hash calculation.
// This often yields better space efficiency at the cost of performance.
// If this optino is set to false, # of entries in table is constrained to be
// power of two, and bit and is used to calculate hash, which is faster in
// general.
bool use_module_hash = true;
};
// Cuckoo Table Factory for SST table format using Cache Friendly Cuckoo Hashing
extern TableFactory* NewCuckooTableFactory(
const CuckooTableOptions& table_options = CuckooTableOptions());
#endif // ROCKSDB_LITE
class RandomAccessFileReader;
// A base class for table factories.
class TableFactory {
public:
virtual ~TableFactory() {}
// The type of the table.
//
// The client of this package should switch to a new name whenever
// the table format implementation changes.
//
// Names starting with "rocksdb." are reserved and should not be used
// by any clients of this package.
virtual const char* Name() const = 0;
// Returns a Table object table that can fetch data from file specified
// in parameter file. It's the caller's responsibility to make sure
// file is in the correct format.
//
// NewTableReader() is called in three places:
// (1) TableCache::FindTable() calls the function when table cache miss
// and cache the table object returned.
// (2) SstFileReader (for SST Dump) opens the table and dump the table
// contents using the iterator of the table.
// (3) DBImpl::AddFile() calls this function to read the contents of
// the sst file it's attempting to add
//
// table_reader_options is a TableReaderOptions which contain all the
// needed parameters and configuration to open the table.
// file is a file handler to handle the file for the table.
// file_size is the physical file size of the file.
// table_reader is the output table reader.
virtual Status NewTableReader(
const TableReaderOptions& table_reader_options,
unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader>&& file, uint64_t file_size,
unique_ptr<TableReader>* table_reader,
bool prefetch_index_and_filter_in_cache = true) const = 0;
// Return a table builder to write to a file for this table type.
//
// It is called in several places:
// (1) When flushing memtable to a level-0 output file, it creates a table
// builder (In DBImpl::WriteLevel0Table(), by calling BuildTable())
// (2) During compaction, it gets the builder for writing compaction output
// files in DBImpl::OpenCompactionOutputFile().
// (3) When recovering from transaction logs, it creates a table builder to
// write to a level-0 output file (In DBImpl::WriteLevel0TableForRecovery,
// by calling BuildTable())
// (4) When running Repairer, it creates a table builder to convert logs to
// SST files (In Repairer::ConvertLogToTable() by calling BuildTable())
//
// Multiple configured can be accessed from there, including and not limited
// to compression options. file is a handle of a writable file.
// It is the caller's responsibility to keep the file open and close the file
// after closing the table builder. compression_type is the compression type
// to use in this table.
virtual TableBuilder* NewTableBuilder(
const TableBuilderOptions& table_builder_options,
uint32_t column_family_id, WritableFileWriter* file) const = 0;
// Sanitizes the specified DB Options and ColumnFamilyOptions.
//
// If the function cannot find a way to sanitize the input DB Options,
// a non-ok Status will be returned.
virtual Status SanitizeOptions(
const DBOptions& db_opts,
const ColumnFamilyOptions& cf_opts) const = 0;
// Return a string that contains printable format of table configurations.
// RocksDB prints configurations at DB Open().
virtual std::string GetPrintableTableOptions() const = 0;
// Returns the raw pointer of the table options that is used by this
// TableFactory, or nullptr if this function is not supported.
// Since the return value is a raw pointer, the TableFactory owns the
// pointer and the caller should not delete the pointer.
//
// In certain case, it is desirable to alter the underlying options when the
// TableFactory is not used by any open DB by casting the returned pointer
// to the right class. For instance, if BlockBasedTableFactory is used,
// then the pointer can be casted to BlockBasedTableOptions.
//
// Note that changing the underlying TableFactory options while the
// TableFactory is currently used by any open DB is undefined behavior.
// Developers should use DB::SetOption() instead to dynamically change
// options while the DB is open.
virtual void* GetOptions() { return nullptr; }
};
#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
// Create a special table factory that can open either of the supported
// table formats, based on setting inside the SST files. It should be used to
// convert a DB from one table format to another.
// @table_factory_to_write: the table factory used when writing to new files.
// @block_based_table_factory: block based table factory to use. If NULL, use
// a default one.
// @plain_table_factory: plain table factory to use. If NULL, use a default one.
// @cuckoo_table_factory: cuckoo table factory to use. If NULL, use a default one.
extern TableFactory* NewAdaptiveTableFactory(
std::shared_ptr<TableFactory> table_factory_to_write = nullptr,
std::shared_ptr<TableFactory> block_based_table_factory = nullptr,
std::shared_ptr<TableFactory> plain_table_factory = nullptr,
std::shared_ptr<TableFactory> cuckoo_table_factory = nullptr);
#endif // ROCKSDB_LITE
} // namespace rocksdb