Provide support for direct_reads with async_io (#10197)

Summary:
Provide support for use_direct_reads with async_io.

TestPlan:
-  Updated unit tests
-  db_bench: Results in https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10197#issuecomment-1159239420
- db_stress
```
export CRASH_TEST_EXT_ARGS=" --async_io=1 --use_direct_reads=1"
make crash_test -j
```
- Ran db_bench on previous RocksDB version before any async_io implementation (as there have many changes in different PRs in this area) https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10197#issuecomment-1160781563.

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10197

Reviewed By: anand1976

Differential Revision: D37255646

Pulled By: akankshamahajan15

fbshipit-source-id: fec61ae15bf4d625f79dea56e4f86e0e307ba920

HISTORY.md

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 ### New Features
 * Mempurge option flag `experimental_mempurge_threshold` is now a ColumnFamilyOptions and can now be dynamically configured using `SetOptions()`.
 * Support backward iteration when `ReadOptions::iter_start_ts` is set.
+* Provide support for ReadOptions.async_io with direct_io to improve Seek latency by using async IO to parallelize child iterator seek and doing asynchronous prefetching on sequential scans.
 
 ### Public API changes
 * Add metadata related structs and functions in C API, including

env/fs_posix.cc

@@ -1102,15 +1102,21 @@ class PosixFileSystem : public FileSystem {
         req.scratch = posix_handle->scratch;
         req.offset = posix_handle->offset;
         req.len = posix_handle->len;
+
         size_t finished_len = 0;
         size_t bytes_read = 0;
+        bool read_again = false;
         UpdateResult(cqe, "", req.len, posix_handle->iov.iov_len,
-                     true /*async_read*/, finished_len, &req, bytes_read);
+                     true /*async_read*/, posix_handle->use_direct_io,
+                     posix_handle->alignment, finished_len, &req, bytes_read,
+                     read_again);
         posix_handle->is_finished = true;
         io_uring_cqe_seen(iu, cqe);
         posix_handle->cb(req, posix_handle->cb_arg);
+
         (void)finished_len;
         (void)bytes_read;
+        (void)read_again;
 
         if (static_cast<Posix_IOHandle*>(io_handles[i]) == posix_handle) {
           break;

env/io_posix.cc

@@ -199,23 +199,6 @@ bool IsSyncFileRangeSupported(int fd) {
 
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
-/*
- * DirectIOHelper
- */
-namespace {
-
-bool IsSectorAligned(const size_t off, size_t sector_size) {
-  assert((sector_size & (sector_size - 1)) == 0);
-  return (off & (sector_size - 1)) == 0;
-}
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-bool IsSectorAligned(const void* ptr, size_t sector_size) {
-  return uintptr_t(ptr) % sector_size == 0;
-}
-#endif
-}  // namespace
-
 /*
  * PosixSequentialFile
  */
@@ -760,24 +743,14 @@ IOStatus PosixRandomAccessFile::MultiRead(FSReadRequest* reqs,
 
       FSReadRequest* req = req_wrap->req;
       size_t bytes_read = 0;
+      bool read_again = false;
       UpdateResult(cqe, filename_, req->len, req_wrap->iov.iov_len,
-                   false /*async_read*/, req_wrap->finished_len, req,
-                   bytes_read);
+                   false /*async_read*/, use_direct_io(),
+                   GetRequiredBufferAlignment(), req_wrap->finished_len, req,
+                   bytes_read, read_again);
       int32_t res = cqe->res;
       if (res >= 0) {
-        if (bytes_read == 0) {
-          /// cqe->res == 0 can means EOF, or can mean partial results. See
-          // comment
-          // https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/6441#issuecomment-589843435
-          // Fall back to pread in this case.
-          if (use_direct_io() &&
-              !IsSectorAligned(req_wrap->finished_len,
-                               GetRequiredBufferAlignment())) {
-            // Bytes reads don't fill sectors. Should only happen at the end
-            // of the file.
-            req->result = Slice(req->scratch, req_wrap->finished_len);
-            req->status = IOStatus::OK();
-          } else {
+        if (bytes_read == 0 && read_again) {
           Slice tmp_slice;
           req->status =
               Read(req->offset + req_wrap->finished_len,
@@ -785,7 +758,6 @@ IOStatus PosixRandomAccessFile::MultiRead(FSReadRequest* reqs,
                    req->scratch + req_wrap->finished_len, dbg);
           req->result =
               Slice(req->scratch, req_wrap->finished_len + tmp_slice.size());
-          }
         } else if (bytes_read < req_wrap->iov.iov_len) {
           incomplete_rq_list.push_back(req_wrap);
         }
@@ -910,19 +882,15 @@ IOStatus PosixRandomAccessFile::ReadAsync(
     args = nullptr;
   };
 
-  Posix_IOHandle* posix_handle = new Posix_IOHandle();
-  *io_handle = static_cast<void*>(posix_handle);
-  *del_fn = deletefn;
-
   // Initialize Posix_IOHandle.
-  posix_handle->iu = iu;
+  Posix_IOHandle* posix_handle =
+      new Posix_IOHandle(iu, cb, cb_arg, req.offset, req.len, req.scratch,
+                         use_direct_io(), GetRequiredBufferAlignment());
   posix_handle->iov.iov_base = req.scratch;
   posix_handle->iov.iov_len = req.len;
-  posix_handle->cb = cb;
-  posix_handle->cb_arg = cb_arg;
-  posix_handle->offset = req.offset;
-  posix_handle->len = req.len;
-  posix_handle->scratch = req.scratch;
+
+  *io_handle = static_cast<void*>(posix_handle);
+  *del_fn = deletefn;
 
   // Step 3: io_uring_sqe_set_data
   struct io_uring_sqe* sqe;

env/io_posix.h

@@ -52,8 +52,37 @@ class PosixHelper {
                                                size_t* size);
 };
 
+/*
+ * DirectIOHelper
+ */
+inline bool IsSectorAligned(const size_t off, size_t sector_size) {
+  assert((sector_size & (sector_size - 1)) == 0);
+  return (off & (sector_size - 1)) == 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+inline bool IsSectorAligned(const void* ptr, size_t sector_size) {
+  return uintptr_t(ptr) % sector_size == 0;
+}
+#endif
+
 #if defined(ROCKSDB_IOURING_PRESENT)
 struct Posix_IOHandle {
+  Posix_IOHandle(struct io_uring* _iu,
+                 std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> _cb,
+                 void* _cb_arg, uint64_t _offset, size_t _len, char* _scratch,
+                 bool _use_direct_io, size_t _alignment)
+      : iu(_iu),
+        cb(_cb),
+        cb_arg(_cb_arg),
+        offset(_offset),
+        len(_len),
+        scratch(_scratch),
+        use_direct_io(_use_direct_io),
+        alignment(_alignment),
+        is_finished(false),
+        req_count(0) {}
+
   struct iovec iov;
   struct io_uring* iu;
   std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb;
@@ -61,15 +90,19 @@ struct Posix_IOHandle {
   uint64_t offset;
   size_t len;
   char* scratch;
-  bool is_finished = false;
+  bool use_direct_io;
+  size_t alignment;
+  bool is_finished;
   // req_count is used by AbortIO API to keep track of number of requests.
-  uint32_t req_count = 0;
+  uint32_t req_count;
 };
 
 inline void UpdateResult(struct io_uring_cqe* cqe, const std::string& file_name,
                          size_t len, size_t iov_len, bool async_read,
+                         bool use_direct_io, uint32_t alignment,
                          size_t& finished_len, FSReadRequest* req,
-                         size_t& bytes_read) {
+                         size_t& bytes_read, bool& read_again) {
+  read_again = false;
   if (cqe->res < 0) {
     req->result = Slice(req->scratch, 0);
     req->status = IOError("Req failed", file_name, cqe->res);
@@ -80,10 +113,24 @@ inline void UpdateResult(struct io_uring_cqe* cqe, const std::string& file_name,
       req->result = Slice(req->scratch, req->len);
       req->status = IOStatus::OK();
     } else if (bytes_read == 0) {
+      /// cqe->res == 0 can means EOF, or can mean partial results. See
+      // comment
+      // https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/6441#issuecomment-589843435
+      // Fall back to pread in this case.
+      if (use_direct_io && !IsSectorAligned(finished_len, alignment)) {
+        // Bytes reads don't fill sectors. Should only happen at the end
+        // of the file.
+        req->result = Slice(req->scratch, finished_len);
+        req->status = IOStatus::OK();
+      } else {
         if (async_read) {
-        // No  bytes read. It can means EOF.
+          // No  bytes read. It can means EOF. In case of partial results, it's
+          // caller responsibility to call read/readasync again.
           req->result = Slice(req->scratch, 0);
           req->status = IOStatus::OK();
+        } else {
+          read_again = true;
+        }
       }
     } else if (bytes_read < iov_len) {
       assert(bytes_read > 0);

file/file_prefetch_buffer.cc

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Read(const IOOptions& opts,
   Slice result;
   Status s = reader->Read(opts, rounddown_start + chunk_len, read_len, &result,
                           bufs_[index].buffer_.BufferStart() + chunk_len,
-                          nullptr, rate_limiter_priority);
+                          /*aligned_buf=*/nullptr, rate_limiter_priority);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   if (result.size() < read_len) {
     // Fake an IO error to force db_stress fault injection to ignore
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::Read(const IOOptions& opts,
 
 Status FilePrefetchBuffer::ReadAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
                                      RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
-                                     Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
                                      uint64_t read_len, uint64_t chunk_len,
                                      uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index) {
   // callback for async read request.
@@ -120,8 +119,9 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::ReadAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
   req.offset = rounddown_start + chunk_len;
   req.result = result;
   req.scratch = bufs_[index].buffer_.BufferStart() + chunk_len;
-  Status s = reader->ReadAsync(req, opts, fp, nullptr /*cb_arg*/, &io_handle_,
-                               &del_fn_, rate_limiter_priority);
+  Status s = reader->ReadAsync(req, opts, fp,
+                               /*cb_arg=*/nullptr, &io_handle_, &del_fn_,
+                               /*aligned_buf=*/nullptr);
   req.status.PermitUncheckedError();
   if (s.ok()) {
     async_read_in_progress_ = true;
@@ -373,8 +373,7 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsyncInternal(
     bufs_[second].offset_ = rounddown_start2;
     assert(roundup_len2 >= chunk_len2);
     uint64_t read_len2 = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len2 - chunk_len2);
-    ReadAsync(opts, reader, rate_limiter_priority, read_len2, chunk_len2,
-              rounddown_start2, second)
+    ReadAsync(opts, reader, read_len2, chunk_len2, rounddown_start2, second)
         .PermitUncheckedError();
   }
 
@@ -544,7 +543,8 @@ void FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req,
   if (req.status.ok()) {
     if (req.offset + req.result.size() <=
         bufs_[index].offset_ + bufs_[index].buffer_.CurrentSize()) {
-      // All requested bytes are already in the buffer. So no need to update.
+      // All requested bytes are already in the buffer or no data is read
+      // because of EOF. So no need to update.
       return;
     }
     if (req.offset < bufs_[index].offset_) {
@@ -560,7 +560,6 @@ void FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req,
 Status FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
                                          RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
                                          uint64_t offset, size_t n,
-                                         Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority,
                                          Slice* result) {
   assert(reader != nullptr);
   if (!enable_) {
@@ -630,8 +629,7 @@ Status FilePrefetchBuffer::PrefetchAsync(const IOOptions& opts,
 
   size_t read_len = static_cast<size_t>(roundup_len - chunk_len);
 
-  s = ReadAsync(opts, reader, rate_limiter_priority, read_len, chunk_len,
-                rounddown_start, second);
+  s = ReadAsync(opts, reader, read_len, chunk_len, rounddown_start, second);
 
   if (!s.ok()) {
     return s;

file/file_prefetch_buffer.h

@@ -138,16 +138,13 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
   // reader                : the file reader.
   // offset                : the file offset to start reading from.
   // n                     : the number of bytes to read.
-  // rate_limiter_priority : rate limiting priority, or `Env::IO_TOTAL` to
-  //                         bypass.
   // result                : if data already exists in the buffer, result will
   //                         be updated with the data.
   //
   // If data already exist in the buffer, it will return Status::OK, otherwise
   // it will send asynchronous request and return Status::TryAgain.
   Status PrefetchAsync(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
-                       uint64_t offset, size_t n,
-                       Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority, Slice* result);
+                       uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result);
 
   // Tries returning the data for a file read from this buffer if that data is
   // in the buffer.
@@ -246,9 +243,8 @@ class FilePrefetchBuffer {
               uint64_t chunk_len, uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index);
 
   Status ReadAsync(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* reader,
-                   Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority, uint64_t read_len,
-                   uint64_t chunk_len, uint64_t rounddown_start,
-                   uint32_t index);
+                   uint64_t read_len, uint64_t chunk_len,
+                   uint64_t rounddown_start, uint32_t index);
 
   // Copy the data from src to third buffer.
   void CopyDataToBuffer(uint32_t src, uint64_t& offset, size_t& length);

file/prefetch_test.cc

@@ -864,33 +864,24 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest, PrefetchWhenReseekwithCache) {
   Close();
 }
 
-class PrefetchTest1
-    : public DBTestBase,
-      public ::testing::WithParamInterface<std::tuple<bool, bool>> {
- public:
-  PrefetchTest1() : DBTestBase("prefetch_test1", true) {}
-};
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PrefetchTest1, PrefetchTest1,
-                        ::testing::Combine(::testing::Bool(),
-                                           ::testing::Bool()));
-
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
-TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
+TEST_P(PrefetchTest, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
   const int kNumKeys = 1000;
   // Set options
   std::shared_ptr<MockFS> fs =
       std::make_shared<MockFS>(env_->GetFileSystem(), false);
   std::unique_ptr<Env> env(new CompositeEnvWrapper(env_, fs));
 
+  bool use_direct_io = std::get<0>(GetParam());
   bool is_adaptive_readahead = std::get<1>(GetParam());
+
   Options options = CurrentOptions();
   options.write_buffer_size = 1024;
   options.create_if_missing = true;
   options.compression = kNoCompression;
   options.statistics = CreateDBStatistics();
   options.env = env.get();
-  bool use_direct_io = std::get<0>(GetParam());
+
   if (use_direct_io) {
     options.use_direct_reads = true;
     options.use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction = true;
@@ -987,7 +978,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
     {
       HistogramData async_read_bytes;
       options.statistics->histogramData(ASYNC_READ_BYTES, &async_read_bytes);
-      if (ro.async_io && !use_direct_io) {
+      if (ro.async_io) {
         ASSERT_GT(async_read_bytes.count, 0);
       } else {
         ASSERT_EQ(async_read_bytes.count, 0);
@@ -1001,16 +992,16 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DBIterLevelReadAhead) {
 }
 #endif  //! ROCKSDB_LITE
 
-class PrefetchTest2 : public DBTestBase,
+class PrefetchTest1 : public DBTestBase,
                       public ::testing::WithParamInterface<bool> {
  public:
-  PrefetchTest2() : DBTestBase("prefetch_test2", true) {}
+  PrefetchTest1() : DBTestBase("prefetch_test1", true) {}
 };
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PrefetchTest2, PrefetchTest2, ::testing::Bool());
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PrefetchTest1, PrefetchTest1, ::testing::Bool());
 
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
-TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, NonSequentialReadsWithAdaptiveReadahead) {
+TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, NonSequentialReadsWithAdaptiveReadahead) {
   const int kNumKeys = 1000;
   // Set options
   std::shared_ptr<MockFS> fs =
@@ -1103,7 +1094,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, NonSequentialReadsWithAdaptiveReadahead) {
 }
 #endif  //! ROCKSDB_LITE
 
-TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
+TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
   const int kNumKeys = 2000;
   // Set options
   std::shared_ptr<MockFS> fs =
@@ -1167,7 +1158,6 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
   SyncPoint::GetInstance()->EnableProcessing();
   ReadOptions ro;
   ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
-  // ro.async_io = true;
   {
     /*
      * Reseek keys from sequential Data Blocks within same partitioned
@@ -1248,7 +1238,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, DecreaseReadAheadIfInCache) {
   Close();
 }
 
-TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, SeekParallelizationTest) {
+TEST_P(PrefetchTest1, SeekParallelizationTest) {
   const int kNumKeys = 2000;
   // Set options
   std::shared_ptr<MockFS> fs =
@@ -1341,13 +1331,9 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, SeekParallelizationTest) {
     {
       HistogramData async_read_bytes;
       options.statistics->histogramData(ASYNC_READ_BYTES, &async_read_bytes);
-      if (GetParam()) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(async_read_bytes.count, 0);
-      } else {
       ASSERT_GT(async_read_bytes.count, 0);
       ASSERT_GT(get_perf_context()->number_async_seek, 0);
     }
-    }
 
     buff_prefetch_count = 0;
   }
@@ -1356,11 +1342,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTest2, SeekParallelizationTest) {
 
 extern "C" bool RocksDbIOUringEnable() { return true; }
 
-class PrefetchTestWithPosix : public DBTestBase,
-                              public ::testing::WithParamInterface<bool> {
- public:
-  PrefetchTestWithPosix() : DBTestBase("prefetch_test_with_posix", true) {}
-
+namespace {
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
 #ifdef GFLAGS
   const int kMaxArgCount = 100;
@@ -1387,13 +1369,10 @@ class PrefetchTestWithPosix : public DBTestBase,
   }
 #endif  // GFLAGS
 #endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
-};
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, PrefetchTestWithPosix,
-                        ::testing::Bool());
+  }     // namespace
 
 // Tests the default implementation of ReadAsync API with PosixFileSystem.
-TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
+  TEST_P(PrefetchTest, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
     if (mem_env_ || encrypted_env_) {
       ROCKSDB_GTEST_SKIP("Test requires non-mem or non-encrypted environment");
       return;
@@ -1404,7 +1383,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
         FileSystem::Default(), /*support_prefetch=*/false);
     std::unique_ptr<Env> env(new CompositeEnvWrapper(env_, fs));
 
-  bool use_direct_io = false;
+    bool use_direct_io = std::get<0>(GetParam());
     Options options = CurrentOptions();
     options.write_buffer_size = 1024;
     options.create_if_missing = true;
@@ -1453,7 +1432,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
     ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
     ro.async_io = true;
 
-  if (GetParam()) {
+    if (std::get<1>(GetParam())) {
       ro.readahead_size = 16 * 1024;
     }
 
@@ -1530,7 +1509,8 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
         // Check stats to make sure async prefetch is done.
         {
           HistogramData async_read_bytes;
-        options.statistics->histogramData(ASYNC_READ_BYTES, &async_read_bytes);
+          options.statistics->histogramData(ASYNC_READ_BYTES,
+                                            &async_read_bytes);
           HistogramData prefetched_bytes_discarded;
           options.statistics->histogramData(PREFETCHED_BYTES_DISCARDED,
                                             &prefetched_bytes_discarded);
@@ -1553,11 +1533,11 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, ReadAsyncWithPosixFS) {
     SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
 
     Close();
-}
+  }
 
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
 #ifdef GFLAGS
-TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
+  TEST_P(PrefetchTest, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
     if (mem_env_ || encrypted_env_) {
       ROCKSDB_GTEST_SKIP("Test requires non-mem or non-encrypted environment");
       return;
@@ -1568,7 +1548,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
         FileSystem::Default(), /*support_prefetch=*/false);
     std::unique_ptr<Env> env(new CompositeEnvWrapper(env_, fs));
 
-  bool use_direct_io = false;
+    bool use_direct_io = std::get<0>(GetParam());
     Options options = CurrentOptions();
     options.write_buffer_size = 1024;
     options.create_if_missing = true;
@@ -1617,7 +1597,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
     ro.adaptive_readahead = true;
     ro.async_io = true;
 
-  if (GetParam()) {
+    if (std::get<1>(GetParam())) {
       ro.readahead_size = 16 * 1024;
     }
 
@@ -1638,8 +1618,8 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
       std::unique_ptr<TraceWriter> trace_writer;
       std::string trace_file_path = dbname_ + "/io_trace_file";
 
-    ASSERT_OK(
-        NewFileTraceWriter(env_, EnvOptions(), trace_file_path, &trace_writer));
+      ASSERT_OK(NewFileTraceWriter(env_, EnvOptions(), trace_file_path,
+                                   &trace_writer));
       ASSERT_OK(db_->StartIOTrace(trace_opt, std::move(trace_writer)));
       ASSERT_OK(options.statistics->Reset());
 
@@ -1678,7 +1658,7 @@ TEST_P(PrefetchTestWithPosix, TraceReadAsyncWithCallbackWrapper) {
     SyncPoint::GetInstance()->ClearAllCallBacks();
 
     Close();
-}
+  }
 #endif  // GFLAGS
 #endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
 }  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE

file/random_access_file_reader.cc

@@ -446,29 +446,17 @@ IOStatus RandomAccessFileReader::PrepareIOOptions(const ReadOptions& ro,
   }
 }
 
-// TODO akanksha:
-// 1. Handle use_direct_io case which currently calls Read API.
 IOStatus RandomAccessFileReader::ReadAsync(
     FSReadRequest& req, const IOOptions& opts,
     std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb, void* cb_arg,
-    void** io_handle, IOHandleDeleter* del_fn,
-    Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority) {
-  if (use_direct_io()) {
-    // For direct_io, it calls Read API.
-    req.status = Read(opts, req.offset, req.len, &(req.result), req.scratch,
-                      nullptr /*dbg*/, rate_limiter_priority);
-    cb(req, cb_arg);
-    return IOStatus::OK();
-  }
-
+    void** io_handle, IOHandleDeleter* del_fn, AlignedBuf* aligned_buf) {
+  IOStatus s;
   // Create a callback and populate info.
   auto read_async_callback =
       std::bind(&RandomAccessFileReader::ReadAsyncCallback, this,
                 std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2);
-  ReadAsyncInfo* read_async_info = new ReadAsyncInfo;
-  read_async_info->cb_ = cb;
-  read_async_info->cb_arg_ = cb_arg;
-  read_async_info->start_time_ = clock_->NowMicros();
+  ReadAsyncInfo* read_async_info =
+      new ReadAsyncInfo(cb, cb_arg, clock_->NowMicros());
 
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
   if (ShouldNotifyListeners()) {
@@ -476,8 +464,38 @@ IOStatus RandomAccessFileReader::ReadAsync(
   }
 #endif
 
-  IOStatus s = file_->ReadAsync(req, opts, read_async_callback, read_async_info,
+  size_t alignment = file_->GetRequiredBufferAlignment();
+  bool is_aligned = (req.offset & (alignment - 1)) == 0 &&
+                    (req.len & (alignment - 1)) == 0 &&
+                    (uintptr_t(req.scratch) & (alignment - 1)) == 0;
+  read_async_info->is_aligned_ = is_aligned;
+
+  if (use_direct_io() && is_aligned == false) {
+    FSReadRequest aligned_req = Align(req, alignment);
+
+    // Allocate aligned buffer.
+    read_async_info->buf_.Alignment(alignment);
+    read_async_info->buf_.AllocateNewBuffer(aligned_req.len);
+
+    // Set rem fields in aligned FSReadRequest.
+    aligned_req.scratch = read_async_info->buf_.BufferStart();
+
+    // Set user provided fields to populate back in callback.
+    read_async_info->user_scratch_ = req.scratch;
+    read_async_info->user_aligned_buf_ = aligned_buf;
+    read_async_info->user_len_ = req.len;
+    read_async_info->user_offset_ = req.offset;
+    read_async_info->user_result_ = req.result;
+
+    assert(read_async_info->buf_.CurrentSize() == 0);
+
+    s = file_->ReadAsync(aligned_req, opts, read_async_callback,
+                         read_async_info, io_handle, del_fn, nullptr /*dbg*/);
+  } else {
+    s = file_->ReadAsync(req, opts, read_async_callback, read_async_info,
                          io_handle, del_fn, nullptr /*dbg*/);
+  }
+
 // Suppress false positive clang analyzer warnings.
 // Memory is not released if file_->ReadAsync returns !s.ok(), because
 // ReadAsyncCallback is never called in that case. If ReadAsyncCallback is
@@ -497,7 +515,54 @@ void RandomAccessFileReader::ReadAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req,
   assert(read_async_info);
   assert(read_async_info->cb_);
 
+  if (use_direct_io() && read_async_info->is_aligned_ == false) {
+    // Create FSReadRequest with user provided fields.
+    FSReadRequest user_req;
+    user_req.scratch = read_async_info->user_scratch_;
+    user_req.offset = read_async_info->user_offset_;
+    user_req.len = read_async_info->user_len_;
+
+    // Update results in user_req.
+    user_req.result = req.result;
+    user_req.status = req.status;
+
+    read_async_info->buf_.Size(read_async_info->buf_.CurrentSize() +
+                               req.result.size());
+
+    size_t offset_advance_len = static_cast<size_t>(
+        /*offset_passed_by_user=*/read_async_info->user_offset_ -
+        /*aligned_offset=*/req.offset);
+
+    size_t res_len = 0;
+    if (req.status.ok() &&
+        offset_advance_len < read_async_info->buf_.CurrentSize()) {
+      res_len =
+          std::min(read_async_info->buf_.CurrentSize() - offset_advance_len,
+                   read_async_info->user_len_);
+      if (read_async_info->user_aligned_buf_ == nullptr) {
+        // Copy the data into user's scratch.
+// Clang analyzer assumes that it will take use_direct_io() == false in
+// ReadAsync and use_direct_io() == true in Callback which cannot be true.
+#ifndef __clang_analyzer__
+        read_async_info->buf_.Read(user_req.scratch, offset_advance_len,
+                                   res_len);
+#endif  // __clang_analyzer__
+      } else {
+        // Set aligned_buf provided by user without additional copy.
+        user_req.scratch =
+            read_async_info->buf_.BufferStart() + offset_advance_len;
+        read_async_info->user_aligned_buf_->reset(
+            read_async_info->buf_.Release());
+      }
+      user_req.result = Slice(user_req.scratch, res_len);
+    } else {
+      // Either req.status is not ok or data was not read.
+      user_req.result = Slice();
+    }
+    read_async_info->cb_(user_req, read_async_info->cb_arg_);
+  } else {
     read_async_info->cb_(req, read_async_info->cb_arg_);
+  }
 
   // Update stats and notify listeners.
   if (stats_ != nullptr && file_read_hist_ != nullptr) {

file/random_access_file_reader.h

@@ -93,12 +93,32 @@ class RandomAccessFileReader {
   const bool is_last_level_;
 
   struct ReadAsyncInfo {
+    ReadAsyncInfo(std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb,
+                  void* cb_arg, uint64_t start_time)
+        : cb_(cb),
+          cb_arg_(cb_arg),
+          start_time_(start_time),
+          user_scratch_(nullptr),
+          user_aligned_buf_(nullptr),
+          user_offset_(0),
+          user_len_(0),
+          is_aligned_(false) {}
+
+    std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb_;
+    void* cb_arg_;
+    uint64_t start_time_;
 #ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
     FileOperationInfo::StartTimePoint fs_start_ts_;
 #endif
-    uint64_t start_time_;
-    std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb_;
-    void* cb_arg_;
+    // Below fields stores the parameters passed by caller in case of direct_io.
+    char* user_scratch_;
+    AlignedBuf* user_aligned_buf_;
+    uint64_t user_offset_;
+    size_t user_len_;
+    Slice user_result_;
+    // Used in case of direct_io
+    AlignedBuffer buf_;
+    bool is_aligned_;
   };
 
  public:
@@ -190,7 +210,7 @@ class RandomAccessFileReader {
   IOStatus ReadAsync(FSReadRequest& req, const IOOptions& opts,
                      std::function<void(const FSReadRequest&, void*)> cb,
                      void* cb_arg, void** io_handle, IOHandleDeleter* del_fn,
-                     Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority);
+                     AlignedBuf* aligned_buf);
 
   void ReadAsyncCallback(const FSReadRequest& req, void* cb_arg);
 };

table/block_based/block_based_table_iterator.cc

@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ void BlockBasedTableIterator::InitDataBlock() {
     //   Enabled from the very first IO when ReadOptions.readahead_size is set.
     block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(
         rep, data_block_handle, read_options_.readahead_size, is_for_compaction,
-        /*async_io=*/false, read_options_.rate_limiter_priority);
+        /*no_sequential_checking=*/false, read_options_.rate_limiter_priority);
     Status s;
     table_->NewDataBlockIterator<DataBlockIter>(
         read_options_, data_block_handle, &block_iter_, BlockType::kData,
@@ -288,9 +288,12 @@ void BlockBasedTableIterator::AsyncInitDataBlock(bool is_first_pass) {
       // Explicit user requested readahead:
       //   Enabled from the very first IO when ReadOptions.readahead_size is
       //   set.
+      // In case of async_io with Implicit readahead, block_prefetcher_ will
+      // always the create the prefetch buffer by setting no_sequential_checking
+      // = true.
       block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(
           rep, data_block_handle, read_options_.readahead_size,
-          is_for_compaction, read_options_.async_io,
+          is_for_compaction, /*no_sequential_checking=*/read_options_.async_io,
           read_options_.rate_limiter_priority);
 
       Status s;

table/block_based/block_prefetcher.cc

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 void BlockPrefetcher::PrefetchIfNeeded(
     const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep, const BlockHandle& handle,
-    const size_t readahead_size, bool is_for_compaction, const bool async_io,
+    const size_t readahead_size, bool is_for_compaction,
+    const bool no_sequential_checking,
     const Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority) {
   // num_file_reads is used  by FilePrefetchBuffer only when
   // implicit_auto_readahead is set.
@@ -43,9 +44,9 @@ void BlockPrefetcher::PrefetchIfNeeded(
     return;
   }
 
-  // In case of async_io, always creates the PrefetchBuffer irrespective of
-  // num_file_reads_.
-  if (async_io) {
+  // In case of no_sequential_checking, it will skip the num_file_reads_ and
+  // will always creates the FilePrefetchBuffer.
+  if (no_sequential_checking) {
     rep->CreateFilePrefetchBufferIfNotExists(
         initial_auto_readahead_size_, max_auto_readahead_size,
         &prefetch_buffer_, /*implicit_auto_readahead=*/true,

table/block_based/block_prefetcher.h

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ class BlockPrefetcher {
 
   void PrefetchIfNeeded(const BlockBasedTable::Rep* rep,
                         const BlockHandle& handle, size_t readahead_size,
-                        bool is_for_compaction, bool async_io,
+                        bool is_for_compaction,
+                        const bool no_sequential_checking,
                         Env::IOPriority rate_limiter_priority);
   FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer() { return prefetch_buffer_.get(); }
 

table/block_based/partitioned_index_iterator.cc

@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ void PartitionedIndexIterator::InitPartitionedIndexBlock() {
     //   Enabled after 2 sequential IOs when ReadOptions.readahead_size == 0.
     // Explicit user requested readahead:
     //   Enabled from the very first IO when ReadOptions.readahead_size is set.
-    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(rep, partitioned_index_handle,
-                                       read_options_.readahead_size,
-                                       is_for_compaction, /*async_io=*/false,
+    block_prefetcher_.PrefetchIfNeeded(
+        rep, partitioned_index_handle, read_options_.readahead_size,
+        is_for_compaction, /*no_sequential_checking=*/false,
         read_options_.rate_limiter_priority);
     Status s;
     table_->NewDataBlockIterator<IndexBlockIter>(

table/block_fetcher.cc

@@ -359,8 +359,7 @@ IOStatus BlockFetcher::ReadAsyncBlockContents() {
         return io_s;
       }
       io_s = status_to_io_status(prefetch_buffer_->PrefetchAsync(
-          opts, file_, handle_.offset(), block_size_with_trailer_,
-          read_options_.rate_limiter_priority, &slice_));
+          opts, file_, handle_.offset(), block_size_with_trailer_, &slice_));
       if (io_s.IsTryAgain()) {
         return io_s;
       }

util/async_file_reader.cc

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ bool AsyncFileReader::MultiReadAsyncImpl(ReadAwaiter* awaiter) {
               read_req->result = req.result;
             },
             &awaiter->read_reqs_[i], &awaiter->io_handle_[i],
-            &awaiter->del_fn_[i], Env::IOPriority::IO_TOTAL)
+            &awaiter->del_fn_[i], /*aligned_buf=*/nullptr)
         .PermitUncheckedError();
   }
   return true;