Observe and warn about misconfigured HyperClockCache (#10965)

Summary:
Background. One of the core risks of chosing HyperClockCache is ending up with degraded performance if estimated_entry_charge is very significantly wrong. Too low leads to under-utilized hash table, which wastes a bit of (tracked) memory and likely increases access times due to larger working set size (more TLB misses). Too high leads to fully populated hash table (at some limit with reasonable lookup performance) and not being able to cache as many objects as the memory limit would allow. In either case, performance degradation is graceful/continuous but can be quite significant. For example, cutting block size in half without updating estimated_entry_charge could lead to a large portion of configured block cache memory (up to roughly 1/3) going unused.

Fix. This change adds a mechanism through which the DB periodically probes the block cache(s) for "problems" to report, and adds diagnostics to the HyperClockCache for bad estimated_entry_charge. The periodic probing is currently done with DumpStats / stats_dump_period_sec, and diagnostics reported to info_log (normally LOG file).

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10965

Test Plan:
unit test included. Doesn't cover all the implemented subtleties of reporting, but ensures basics of when to report or not.

Also manual testing with db_bench. Create db with
```
./db_bench --benchmarks=fillrandom,flush --num=3000000 --disable_wal=1
```
Use and check LOG file for HyperClockCache for various block sizes (used as estimated_entry_charge)
```
./db_bench --use_existing_db --benchmarks=readrandom --num=3000000 --duration=20 --stats_dump_period_sec=8 --cache_type=hyper_clock_cache -block_size=XXXX
```
Seeing warnings / errors or not as expected.

Reviewed By: anand1976

Differential Revision: D41406932

Pulled By: pdillinger

fbshipit-source-id: 4ca56162b73017e4b9cec2cad74466f49c27a0a7

HISTORY.md

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 * Add stats for ReadAsync time spent and async read errors.
 * Basic support for the wide-column data model is now available. Wide-column entities can be stored using the `PutEntity` API, and retrieved using `GetEntity` and the new `columns` API of iterator. For compatibility, the classic APIs `Get` and `MultiGet`, as well as iterator's `value` API return the value of the anonymous default column of wide-column entities; also, `GetEntity` and iterator's `columns` return any plain key-values in the form of an entity which only has the anonymous default column. `Merge` (and `GetMergeOperands`) currently also apply to the default column; any other columns of entities are unaffected by `Merge` operations. Note that some features like compaction filters, transactions, user-defined timestamps, and the SST file writer do not yet support wide-column entities; also, there is currently no `MultiGet`-like API to retrieve multiple entities at once. We plan to gradually close the above gaps and also implement new features like column-level operations (e.g. updating or querying only certain columns of an entity).
 * Marked HyperClockCache as a production-ready alternative to LRUCache for the block cache. HyperClockCache greatly improves hot-path CPU efficiency under high parallel load or high contention, with some documented caveats and limitations. As much as 4.5x higher ops/sec vs. LRUCache has been seen in db_bench under high parallel load.
+* Add periodic diagnostics to info_log (LOG file) for HyperClockCache block cache if performance is degraded by bad `estimated_entry_charge` option.
 
 ### Public API Changes
 * Marked `block_cache_compressed` as a deprecated feature. Use SecondaryCache instead.

cache/clock_cache.cc

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <functional>
+#include <numeric>
 
 #include "cache/cache_key.h"
+#include "logging/logging.h"
 #include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
 #include "monitoring/statistics.h"
 #include "port/lang.h"
@@ -1152,6 +1154,16 @@ size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetUsage() const {
   return table_.GetUsage();
 }
 
+template <class Table>
+size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetDetachedUsage() const {
+  return table_.GetDetachedUsage();
+}
+
+template <class Table>
+size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetCapacity() const {
+  return capacity_;
+}
+
 template <class Table>
 size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetPinnedUsage() const {
   // Computes the pinned usage by scanning the whole hash table. This
@@ -1186,6 +1198,11 @@ size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetOccupancyCount() const {
   return table_.GetOccupancy();
 }
 
+template <class Table>
+size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetOccupancyLimit() const {
+  return table_.GetOccupancyLimit();
+}
+
 template <class Table>
 size_t ClockCacheShard<Table>::GetTableAddressCount() const {
   return table_.GetTableSize();
@@ -1227,6 +1244,135 @@ Cache::DeleterFn HyperClockCache::GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const {
   return h->deleter;
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+// For each cache shard, estimate what the table load factor would be if
+// cache filled to capacity with average entries. This is considered
+// indicative of a potential problem if the shard is essentially operating
+// "at limit", which we define as high actual usage (>80% of capacity)
+// or actual occupancy very close to limit (>95% of limit).
+// Also, for each shard compute the recommended estimated_entry_charge,
+// and keep the minimum one for use as overall recommendation.
+void AddShardEvaluation(const HyperClockCache::Shard& shard,
+                        std::vector<double>& predicted_load_factors,
+                        size_t& min_recommendation) {
+  size_t usage = shard.GetUsage() - shard.GetDetachedUsage();
+  size_t capacity = shard.GetCapacity();
+  double usage_ratio = 1.0 * usage / capacity;
+
+  size_t occupancy = shard.GetOccupancyCount();
+  size_t occ_limit = shard.GetOccupancyLimit();
+  double occ_ratio = 1.0 * occupancy / occ_limit;
+  if (usage == 0 || occupancy == 0 || (usage_ratio < 0.8 && occ_ratio < 0.95)) {
+    // Skip as described above
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // If filled to capacity, what would the occupancy ratio be?
+  double ratio = occ_ratio / usage_ratio;
+  // Given max load factor, what that load factor be?
+  double lf = ratio * kStrictLoadFactor;
+  predicted_load_factors.push_back(lf);
+
+  // Update min_recommendation also
+  size_t recommendation = usage / occupancy;
+  min_recommendation = std::min(min_recommendation, recommendation);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void HyperClockCache::ReportProblems(
+    const std::shared_ptr<Logger>& info_log) const {
+  uint32_t shard_count = GetNumShards();
+  std::vector<double> predicted_load_factors;
+  size_t min_recommendation = SIZE_MAX;
+  const_cast<HyperClockCache*>(this)->ForEachShard(
+      [&](HyperClockCache::Shard* shard) {
+        AddShardEvaluation(*shard, predicted_load_factors, min_recommendation);
+      });
+
+  if (predicted_load_factors.empty()) {
+    // None operating "at limit" -> nothing to report
+    return;
+  }
+  std::sort(predicted_load_factors.begin(), predicted_load_factors.end());
+
+  // First, if the average load factor is within spec, we aren't going to
+  // complain about a few shards being out of spec.
+  // NOTE: this is only the average among cache shards operating "at limit,"
+  // which should be representative of what we care about. It it normal, even
+  // desirable, for a cache to operate "at limit" so this should not create
+  // selection bias. See AddShardEvaluation().
+  // TODO: Consider detecting cases where decreasing the number of shards
+  // would be good, e.g. serious imbalance among shards.
+  double average_load_factor =
+      std::accumulate(predicted_load_factors.begin(),
+                      predicted_load_factors.end(), 0.0) /
+      shard_count;
+
+  constexpr double kLowSpecLoadFactor = kLoadFactor / 2;
+  constexpr double kMidSpecLoadFactor = kLoadFactor / 1.414;
+  if (average_load_factor > kLoadFactor) {
+    // Out of spec => Consider reporting load factor too high
+    // Estimate effective overall capacity loss due to enforcing occupancy limit
+    double lost_portion = 0.0;
+    int over_count = 0;
+    for (double lf : predicted_load_factors) {
+      if (lf > kStrictLoadFactor) {
+        ++over_count;
+        lost_portion += (lf - kStrictLoadFactor) / lf / shard_count;
+      }
+    }
+    // >= 20% loss -> error
+    // >= 10% loss -> consistent warning
+    // >= 1% loss -> intermittent warning
+    InfoLogLevel level = InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL;
+    bool report = true;
+    if (lost_portion > 0.2) {
+      level = InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL;
+    } else if (lost_portion > 0.1) {
+      level = InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL;
+    } else if (lost_portion > 0.01) {
+      int report_percent = static_cast<int>(lost_portion * 100.0);
+      if (Random::GetTLSInstance()->PercentTrue(report_percent)) {
+        level = InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // don't report
+      report = false;
+    }
+    if (report) {
+      ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL(
+          info_log, level,
+          "HyperClockCache@%p unable to use estimated %.1f%% capacity because "
+          "of "
+          "full occupancy in %d/%u cache shards (estimated_entry_charge too "
+          "high). Recommend estimated_entry_charge=%zu",
+          this, lost_portion * 100.0, over_count, (unsigned)shard_count,
+          min_recommendation);
+    }
+  } else if (average_load_factor < kLowSpecLoadFactor) {
+    // Out of spec => Consider reporting load factor too low
+    // But cautiously because low is not as big of a problem.
+
+    // Only report if highest occupancy shard is also below
+    // spec and only if average is substantially out of spec
+    if (predicted_load_factors.back() < kLowSpecLoadFactor &&
+        average_load_factor < kLowSpecLoadFactor / 1.414) {
+      InfoLogLevel level = InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL;
+      if (average_load_factor < kLowSpecLoadFactor / 2) {
+        level = InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL;
+      }
+      ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL(
+          info_log, level,
+          "HyperClockCache@%p table has low occupancy at full capacity. Higher "
+          "estimated_entry_charge (about %.1fx) would likely improve "
+          "performance. Recommend estimated_entry_charge=%zu",
+          this, kMidSpecLoadFactor / average_load_factor, min_recommendation);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace clock_cache
 
 // DEPRECATED (see public API)

cache/clock_cache.h

@@ -440,6 +440,8 @@ class HyperClockTable {
     return occupancy_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 
+  size_t GetOccupancyLimit() const { return occupancy_limit_; }
+
   size_t GetUsage() const { return usage_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); }
 
   size_t GetDetachedUsage() const {
@@ -612,12 +614,18 @@ class ALIGN_AS(CACHE_LINE_SIZE) ClockCacheShard final : public CacheShardBase {
 
   void Erase(const Slice& key, const UniqueId64x2& hashed_key);
 
+  size_t GetCapacity() const;
+
   size_t GetUsage() const;
 
+  size_t GetDetachedUsage() const;
+
   size_t GetPinnedUsage() const;
 
   size_t GetOccupancyCount() const;
 
+  size_t GetOccupancyLimit() const;
+
   size_t GetTableAddressCount() const;
 
   void ApplyToSomeEntries(
@@ -683,6 +691,9 @@ class HyperClockCache
   size_t GetCharge(Handle* handle) const override;
 
   DeleterFn GetDeleter(Handle* handle) const override;
+
+  void ReportProblems(
+      const std::shared_ptr<Logger>& /*info_log*/) const override;
 };  // class HyperClockCache
 
 }  // namespace clock_cache

db/db_block_cache_test.cc

@@ -1302,11 +1302,6 @@ TEST_F(DBBlockCacheTest, CacheEntryRoleStats) {
               capacity,
               BlockBasedTableOptions().block_size /*estimated_value_size*/)
               .MakeSharedCache()}) {
-      if (!cache) {
-        // Skip clock cache when not supported
-        continue;
-      }
-
       ++iterations_tested;
 
       Options options = CurrentOptions();
@@ -1539,6 +1534,124 @@ TEST_F(DBBlockCacheTest, CacheEntryRoleStats) {
   }
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+void DummyFillCache(Cache& cache, size_t entry_size,
+                    std::vector<CacheHandleGuard<void>>& handles) {
+  // fprintf(stderr, "Entry size: %zu\n", entry_size);
+  handles.clear();
+  cache.EraseUnRefEntries();
+  void* fake_value = &cache;
+  size_t capacity = cache.GetCapacity();
+  OffsetableCacheKey ck{"abc", "abc", 42};
+  for (size_t my_usage = 0; my_usage < capacity;) {
+    size_t charge = std::min(entry_size, capacity - my_usage);
+    Cache::Handle* handle;
+    Status st = cache.Insert(ck.WithOffset(my_usage).AsSlice(), fake_value,
+                             charge, /*deleter*/ nullptr, &handle);
+    ASSERT_OK(st);
+    handles.emplace_back(&cache, handle);
+    my_usage += charge;
+  }
+}
+
+class CountingLogger : public Logger {
+ public:
+  ~CountingLogger() override {}
+  using Logger::Logv;
+  void Logv(const InfoLogLevel log_level, const char* format,
+            va_list /*ap*/) override {
+    if (std::strstr(format, "HyperClockCache") == nullptr) {
+      // Not a match
+      return;
+    }
+    // static StderrLogger debug;
+    // debug.Logv(log_level, format, ap);
+    if (log_level == InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL) {
+      ++info_count_;
+    } else if (log_level == InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL) {
+      ++warn_count_;
+    } else if (log_level == InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL) {
+      ++error_count_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::array<int, 3> PopCounts() {
+    std::array<int, 3> rv{{info_count_, warn_count_, error_count_}};
+    info_count_ = warn_count_ = error_count_ = 0;
+    return rv;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  int info_count_{};
+  int warn_count_{};
+  int error_count_{};
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST_F(DBBlockCacheTest, HyperClockCacheReportProblems) {
+  size_t capacity = 1024 * 1024;
+  size_t value_size_est = 8 * 1024;
+  HyperClockCacheOptions hcc_opts{capacity, value_size_est};
+  hcc_opts.num_shard_bits = 2;  // 4 shards
+  hcc_opts.metadata_charge_policy = kDontChargeCacheMetadata;
+  std::shared_ptr<Cache> cache = hcc_opts.MakeSharedCache();
+  std::shared_ptr<CountingLogger> logger = std::make_shared<CountingLogger>();
+
+  auto table_options = GetTableOptions();
+  auto options = GetOptions(table_options);
+  table_options.block_cache = cache;
+  options.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));
+  options.info_log = logger;
+  // Going to sample more directly
+  options.stats_dump_period_sec = 0;
+  Reopen(options);
+
+  std::vector<CacheHandleGuard<void>> handles;
+
+  // Clear anything from DB startup
+  logger->PopCounts();
+
+  // Fill cache based on expected size and check that when we
+  // don't report anything relevant in periodic stats dump
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 0, 0}}));
+
+  // Same, within reasonable bounds
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est - value_size_est / 4, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 0, 0}}));
+
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est + value_size_est / 3, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 0, 0}}));
+
+  // Estimate too high (value size too low) eventually reports ERROR
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est / 2, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 1, 0}}));
+
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est / 3, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 0, 1}}));
+
+  // Estimate too low (value size too high) starts with INFO
+  // and is only WARNING in the worst case
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est * 2, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{1, 0, 0}}));
+
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est * 3, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 1, 0}}));
+
+  DummyFillCache(*cache, value_size_est * 20, handles);
+  dbfull()->DumpStats();
+  EXPECT_EQ(logger->PopCounts(), (std::array<int, 3>{{0, 1, 0}}));
+}
+
 #endif  // ROCKSDB_LITE
 
 class DBBlockCacheKeyTest

db/db_impl/db_impl.cc

@@ -1059,16 +1059,31 @@ void DBImpl::DumpStats() {
     return;
   }
 
+  // Also probe block cache(s) for problems, dump to info log
+  UnorderedSet<Cache*> probed_caches;
   TEST_SYNC_POINT("DBImpl::DumpStats:StartRunning");
   {
     InstrumentedMutexLock l(&mutex_);
     for (auto cfd : versions_->GetRefedColumnFamilySet()) {
-      if (cfd->initialized()) {
-        // Release DB mutex for gathering cache entry stats. Pass over all
-        // column families for this first so that other stats are dumped
-        // near-atomically.
-        InstrumentedMutexUnlock u(&mutex_);
-        cfd->internal_stats()->CollectCacheEntryStats(/*foreground=*/false);
+      if (!cfd->initialized()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Release DB mutex for gathering cache entry stats. Pass over all
+      // column families for this first so that other stats are dumped
+      // near-atomically.
+      InstrumentedMutexUnlock u(&mutex_);
+      cfd->internal_stats()->CollectCacheEntryStats(/*foreground=*/false);
+
+      // Probe block cache for problems (if not already via another CF)
+      if (immutable_db_options_.info_log) {
+        auto* table_factory = cfd->ioptions()->table_factory.get();
+        assert(table_factory != nullptr);
+        Cache* cache =
+            table_factory->GetOptions<Cache>(TableFactory::kBlockCacheOpts());
+        if (cache && probed_caches.insert(cache).second) {
+          cache->ReportProblems(immutable_db_options_.info_log);
+        }
       }
     }
 

include/rocksdb/cache.h

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
 
 class Cache;
 struct ConfigOptions;
+class Logger;
 class SecondaryCache;
 
 // Classifications of block cache entries.
@@ -723,6 +724,13 @@ class Cache {
 
   virtual std::string GetPrintableOptions() const { return ""; }
 
+  // Check for any warnings or errors in the operation of the cache and
+  // report them to the logger. This is intended only to be called
+  // periodically so does not need to be very efficient. (Obscure calling
+  // conventions for Logger inherited from env.h)
+  virtual void ReportProblems(
+      const std::shared_ptr<Logger>& /*info_log*/) const {}
+
   MemoryAllocator* memory_allocator() const { return memory_allocator_.get(); }
 
   // EXPERIMENTAL

logging/logging.h

@@ -28,30 +28,24 @@ inline const char* RocksLogShorterFileName(const char* file) {
 #define ROCKS_LOG_HEADER(LGR, FMT, ...) \
   ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::HEADER_LEVEL, LGR, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(LGR, FMT, ...)                     \
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::DEBUG_LEVEL, LGR,   \
-                         ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
+#define ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL(LGR, LVL, FMT, ...)                           \
+  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log((LVL), (LGR), ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
                          RocksLogShorterFileName(__FILE__), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define ROCKS_LOG_INFO(LGR, FMT, ...)                      \
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL, LGR,    \
-                         ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
-                         RocksLogShorterFileName(__FILE__), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define ROCKS_LOG_DEBUG(LGR, FMT, ...) \
+  ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL((LGR), InfoLogLevel::DEBUG_LEVEL, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define ROCKS_LOG_WARN(LGR, FMT, ...)                      \
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, LGR,    \
-                         ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
-                         RocksLogShorterFileName(__FILE__), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define ROCKS_LOG_INFO(LGR, FMT, ...) \
+  ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL((LGR), InfoLogLevel::INFO_LEVEL, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(LGR, FMT, ...)                     \
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL, LGR,   \
-                         ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
-                         RocksLogShorterFileName(__FILE__), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define ROCKS_LOG_WARN(LGR, FMT, ...) \
+  ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL((LGR), InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(LGR, FMT, ...)                     \
-  ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Log(InfoLogLevel::FATAL_LEVEL, LGR,   \
-                         ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \
-                         RocksLogShorterFileName(__FILE__), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define ROCKS_LOG_ERROR(LGR, FMT, ...) \
+  ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL((LGR), InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define ROCKS_LOG_FATAL(LGR, FMT, ...) \
+  ROCKS_LOG_AT_LEVEL((LGR), InfoLogLevel::FATAL_LEVEL, FMT, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 #define ROCKS_LOG_BUFFER(LOG_BUF, FMT, ...)                                 \
   ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::LogToBuffer(LOG_BUF, ROCKS_LOG_PREPEND_FILE_LINE(FMT), \