rocksdb

Commit Graph

Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Peter Dillinger	86a1e3e0e7	Derive cache keys from SST unique IDs (#10394 ) Summary: ... so that cache keys can be derived from DB manifest data before reading the file from storage--so that every part of the file can potentially go in a persistent cache. See updated comments in cache_key.cc for technical details. Importantly, the new cache key encoding uses some fancy but efficient math to pack data into the cache key without depending on the sizes of the various pieces. This simplifies some existing code creating cache keys, like cache warming before the file size is known. This should provide us an essentially permanent mapping between SST unique IDs and base cache keys, with the ability to "upgrade" SST unique IDs (and thus cache keys) with new SST format_versions. These cache keys are of similar, perhaps indistinguishable quality to the previous generation. Before this change (see "corrected" days between collision): ``` ./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=43 18 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10 days between (1.15292e+19 corrected) ``` After this change (keep 43 bits, up through 50, to validate "trajectory" is ok on "corrected" days between collision): ``` 19 collisions after 3 x 90 days, est 14.2105 days between (1.63836e+19 corrected) 16 collisions after 5 x 90 days, est 28.125 days between (1.6213e+19 corrected) 15 collisions after 7 x 90 days, est 42 days between (1.21057e+19 corrected) 15 collisions after 17 x 90 days, est 102 days between (1.46997e+19 corrected) 15 collisions after 49 x 90 days, est 294 days between (2.11849e+19 corrected) 15 collisions after 62 x 90 days, est 372 days between (1.34027e+19 corrected) 15 collisions after 53 x 90 days, est 318 days between (5.72858e+18 corrected) 15 collisions after 309 x 90 days, est 1854 days between (1.66994e+19 corrected) ``` However, the change does modify (probably weaken) the "guaranteed unique" promise from this > SST files generated in a single process are guaranteed to have unique cache keys, unless/until number session ids * max file number = 2**86 to this (see https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/10388) > With the DB id limitation, we only have nice guaranteed unique cache keys for files generated in a single process until biggest session_id_counter and offset_in_file reach combined 64 bits I don't think this is a practical concern, though. Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10394 Test Plan: unit tests updated, see simulation results above Reviewed By: jay-zhuang Differential Revision: D38667529 Pulled By: pdillinger fbshipit-source-id: 49af3fe7f47e5b61162809a78b76c769fd519fba	2 years ago
Peter Dillinger	afc280fdfd	Enhance new cache key testing & comments (#9329 ) Summary: Follow-up to https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/9126 Added new unit tests to validate some of the claims of guaranteed uniqueness within certain large bounds. Also cleaned up the cache_bench -stress-cache-key tool with better comments and description. Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/9329 Test Plan: no changes to production code Reviewed By: mrambacher Differential Revision: D33269328 Pulled By: pdillinger fbshipit-source-id: 3a2b684a6b2b15f79dc872e563e3d16563be26de	3 years ago
Peter Dillinger	0050a73a4f	New stable, fixed-length cache keys (#9126 ) Summary: This change standardizes on a new 16-byte cache key format for block cache (incl compressed and secondary) and persistent cache (but not table cache and row cache). The goal is a really fast cache key with practically ideal stability and uniqueness properties without external dependencies (e.g. from FileSystem). A fixed key size of 16 bytes should enable future optimizations to the concurrent hash table for block cache, which is a heavy CPU user / bottleneck, but there appears to be measurable performance improvement even with no changes to LRUCache. This change replaces a lot of disjointed and ugly code handling cache keys with calls to a simple, clean new internal API (cache_key.h). (Preserving the old cache key logic under an option would be very ugly and likely negate the performance gain of the new approach. Complete replacement carries some inherent risk, but I think that's acceptable with sufficient analysis and testing.) The scheme for encoding new cache keys is complicated but explained in cache_key.cc. Also: EndianSwapValue is moved to math.h to be next to other bit operations. (Explains some new include "math.h".) ReverseBits operation added and unit tests added to hash_test for both. Fixes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/7405 (presuming a root cause) Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/9126 Test Plan: ### Basic correctness Several tests needed updates to work with the new functionality, mostly because we are no longer relying on filesystem for stable cache keys so table builders & readers need more context info to agree on cache keys. This functionality is so core, a huge number of existing tests exercise the cache key functionality. ### Performance Create db with `TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm ./db_bench -bloom_bits=10 -benchmarks=fillrandom -num=3000000 -partition_index_and_filters` And test performance with `TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm ./db_bench -readonly -use_existing_db -bloom_bits=10 -benchmarks=readrandom -num=3000000 -duration=30 -cache_index_and_filter_blocks -cache_size=250000 -threads=4` using DEBUG_LEVEL=0 and simultaneous before & after runs. Before ops/sec, avg over 100 runs: 121924 After ops/sec, avg over 100 runs: 125385 (+2.8%) ### Collision probability I have built a tool, ./cache_bench -stress_cache_key to broadly simulate host-wide cache activity over many months, by making some pessimistic simplifying assumptions: * Every generated file has a cache entry for every byte offset in the file (contiguous range of cache keys) * All of every file is cached for its entire lifetime We use a simple table with skewed address assignment and replacement on address collision to simulate files coming & going, with quite a variance (super-Poisson) in ages. Some output with `./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=40`: ``` Total cache or DBs size: 32TiB Writing 925.926 MiB/s or 76.2939TiB/day Multiply by 9.22337e+18 to correct for simulation losses (but still assume whole file cached) ``` These come from default settings of 2.5M files per day of 32 MB each, and `-sck_keep_bits=40` means that to represent a single file, we are only keeping 40 bits of the 128-bit cache key. With file size of 2\\25 contiguous keys (pessimistic), our simulation is about 2\\(128-40-25) or about 9 billion billion times more prone to collision than reality. More default assumptions, relatively pessimistic: * 100 DBs in same process (doesn't matter much) * Re-open DB in same process (new session ID related to old session ID) on average every 100 files generated * Restart process (all new session IDs unrelated to old) 24 times per day After enough data, we get a result at the end: ``` (keep 40 bits) 17 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10.5882 days between (9.76592e+19 corrected) ``` If we believe the (pessimistic) simulation and the mathematical generalization, we would need to run a billion machines all for 97 billion days to expect a cache key collision. To help verify that our generalization ("corrected") is robust, we can make our simulation more precise with `-sck_keep_bits=41` and `42`, which takes more running time to get enough data: ``` (keep 41 bits) 16 collisions after 4 x 90 days, est 22.5 days between (1.03763e+20 corrected) (keep 42 bits) 19 collisions after 10 x 90 days, est 47.3684 days between (1.09224e+20 corrected) ``` The generalized prediction still holds. With the `-sck_randomize` option, we can see that we are beating "random" cache keys (except offsets still non-randomized) by a modest amount (roughly 20x less collision prone than random), which should make us reasonably comfortable even in "degenerate" cases: ``` 197 collisions after 1 x 90 days, est 0.456853 days between (4.21372e+18 corrected) ``` I've run other tests to validate other conditions behave as expected, never behaving "worse than random" unless we start chopping off structured data. Reviewed By: zhichao-cao Differential Revision: D33171746 Pulled By: pdillinger fbshipit-source-id: f16a57e369ed37be5e7e33525ace848d0537c88f	3 years ago

Author

SHA1

Message

Date

Peter Dillinger

86a1e3e0e7

Derive cache keys from SST unique IDs (#10394 )

Summary:
... so that cache keys can be derived from DB manifest data
before reading the file from storage--so that every part of the file
can potentially go in a persistent cache.

See updated comments in cache_key.cc for technical details. Importantly,
the new cache key encoding uses some fancy but efficient math to pack
data into the cache key without depending on the sizes of the various
pieces. This simplifies some existing code creating cache keys, like
cache warming before the file size is known.

This should provide us an essentially permanent mapping between SST
unique IDs and base cache keys, with the ability to "upgrade" SST
unique IDs (and thus cache keys) with new SST format_versions.

These cache keys are of similar, perhaps indistinguishable quality to
the previous generation. Before this change (see "corrected" days
between collision):

```
./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=43
18 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10 days between (1.15292e+19 corrected)
```

After this change (keep 43 bits, up through 50, to validate "trajectory"
is ok on "corrected" days between collision):
```
19 collisions after 3 x 90 days, est 14.2105 days between (1.63836e+19 corrected)
16 collisions after 5 x 90 days, est 28.125 days between (1.6213e+19 corrected)
15 collisions after 7 x 90 days, est 42 days between (1.21057e+19 corrected)
15 collisions after 17 x 90 days, est 102 days between (1.46997e+19 corrected)
15 collisions after 49 x 90 days, est 294 days between (2.11849e+19 corrected)
15 collisions after 62 x 90 days, est 372 days between (1.34027e+19 corrected)
15 collisions after 53 x 90 days, est 318 days between (5.72858e+18 corrected)
15 collisions after 309 x 90 days, est 1854 days between (1.66994e+19 corrected)
```

However, the change does modify (probably weaken) the "guaranteed unique" promise from this

> SST files generated in a single process are guaranteed to have unique cache keys, unless/until number session ids * max file number = 2**86

to this (see https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/10388)

> With the DB id limitation, we only have nice guaranteed unique cache keys for files generated in a single process until biggest session_id_counter and offset_in_file reach combined 64 bits

I don't think this is a practical concern, though.

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/10394

Test Plan: unit tests updated, see simulation results above

Reviewed By: jay-zhuang

Differential Revision: D38667529

Pulled By: pdillinger

fbshipit-source-id: 49af3fe7f47e5b61162809a78b76c769fd519fba

2 years ago

Peter Dillinger

afc280fdfd

Enhance new cache key testing & comments (#9329 )

Summary:
Follow-up to https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/9126

Added new unit tests to validate some of the claims of guaranteed uniqueness
within certain large bounds.

Also cleaned up the cache_bench -stress-cache-key tool with better comments
and description.

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/9329

Test Plan: no changes to production code

Reviewed By: mrambacher

Differential Revision: D33269328

Pulled By: pdillinger

fbshipit-source-id: 3a2b684a6b2b15f79dc872e563e3d16563be26de

3 years ago

Peter Dillinger

0050a73a4f

New stable, fixed-length cache keys (#9126 )

Summary:
This change standardizes on a new 16-byte cache key format for
block cache (incl compressed and secondary) and persistent cache (but
not table cache and row cache).

The goal is a really fast cache key with practically ideal stability and
uniqueness properties without external dependencies (e.g. from FileSystem).
A fixed key size of 16 bytes should enable future optimizations to the
concurrent hash table for block cache, which is a heavy CPU user /
bottleneck, but there appears to be measurable performance improvement
even with no changes to LRUCache.

This change replaces a lot of disjointed and ugly code handling cache
keys with calls to a simple, clean new internal API (cache_key.h).
(Preserving the old cache key logic under an option would be very ugly
and likely negate the performance gain of the new approach. Complete
replacement carries some inherent risk, but I think that's acceptable
with sufficient analysis and testing.)

The scheme for encoding new cache keys is complicated but explained
in cache_key.cc.

Also: EndianSwapValue is moved to math.h to be next to other bit
operations. (Explains some new include "math.h".) ReverseBits operation
added and unit tests added to hash_test for both.

Fixes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/issues/7405 (presuming a root cause)

Pull Request resolved: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/9126

Test Plan:
### Basic correctness
Several tests needed updates to work with the new functionality, mostly
because we are no longer relying on filesystem for stable cache keys
so table builders & readers need more context info to agree on cache
keys. This functionality is so core, a huge number of existing tests
exercise the cache key functionality.

### Performance
Create db with
`TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm ./db_bench -bloom_bits=10 -benchmarks=fillrandom -num=3000000 -partition_index_and_filters`
And test performance with
`TEST_TMPDIR=/dev/shm ./db_bench -readonly -use_existing_db -bloom_bits=10 -benchmarks=readrandom -num=3000000 -duration=30 -cache_index_and_filter_blocks -cache_size=250000 -threads=4`
using DEBUG_LEVEL=0 and simultaneous before & after runs.
Before ops/sec, avg over 100 runs: 121924
After ops/sec, avg over 100 runs: 125385 (+2.8%)

### Collision probability
I have built a tool, ./cache_bench -stress_cache_key to broadly simulate host-wide cache activity
over many months, by making some pessimistic simplifying assumptions:
* Every generated file has a cache entry for every byte offset in the file (contiguous range of cache keys)
* All of every file is cached for its entire lifetime

We use a simple table with skewed address assignment and replacement on address collision
to simulate files coming & going, with quite a variance (super-Poisson) in ages. Some output
with `./cache_bench -stress_cache_key -sck_keep_bits=40`:

```
Total cache or DBs size: 32TiB  Writing 925.926 MiB/s or 76.2939TiB/day
Multiply by 9.22337e+18 to correct for simulation losses (but still assume whole file cached)
```

These come from default settings of 2.5M files per day of 32 MB each, and
`-sck_keep_bits=40` means that to represent a single file, we are only keeping 40 bits of
the 128-bit cache key.  With file size of 2\*\*25 contiguous keys (pessimistic), our simulation
is about 2\*\*(128-40-25) or about 9 billion billion times more prone to collision than reality.

More default assumptions, relatively pessimistic:
* 100 DBs in same process (doesn't matter much)
* Re-open DB in same process (new session ID related to old session ID) on average
every 100 files generated
* Restart process (all new session IDs unrelated to old) 24 times per day

After enough data, we get a result at the end:

```
(keep 40 bits)  17 collisions after 2 x 90 days, est 10.5882 days between (9.76592e+19 corrected)
```

If we believe the (pessimistic) simulation and the mathematical generalization, we would need to run a billion machines all for 97 billion days to expect a cache key collision. To help verify that our generalization ("corrected") is robust, we can make our simulation more precise with `-sck_keep_bits=41` and `42`, which takes more running time to get enough data:

```
(keep 41 bits)  16 collisions after 4 x 90 days, est 22.5 days between (1.03763e+20 corrected)
(keep 42 bits)  19 collisions after 10 x 90 days, est 47.3684 days between (1.09224e+20 corrected)
```

The generalized prediction still holds. With the `-sck_randomize` option, we can see that we are beating "random" cache keys (except offsets still non-randomized) by a modest amount (roughly 20x less collision prone than random), which should make us reasonably comfortable even in "degenerate" cases:

```
197 collisions after 1 x 90 days, est 0.456853 days between (4.21372e+18 corrected)
```

I've run other tests to validate other conditions behave as expected, never behaving "worse than random" unless we start chopping off structured data.

Reviewed By: zhichao-cao

Differential Revision: D33171746

Pulled By: pdillinger

fbshipit-source-id: f16a57e369ed37be5e7e33525ace848d0537c88f

3 years ago

3 Commits (097f9f4425d78cd11ff1912a6ac5f8a2edd3f4e0)