Summary:
When subcompaction is used, all subcompactions share the same Compaction
pointer in CompactionJob while each subcompaction all keeps their mutable
stats in SubcompactionState. However, there're still some mutable part
that is currently store in the shared Compaction pointer.
This patch makes two changes:
1. Make the shared Compaction pointer const so that it can never be modified
during the compaction.
2. Move necessary states from Compaction to SubcompactionState.
3. Make functions of Compaction const if the function does not modify
its internal state.
Test Plan: rocksdb and MyRocks test
Reviewers: sdong, kradhakrishnan, andrewkr, IslamAbdelRahman
Reviewed By: IslamAbdelRahman
Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba, yoshinorim, gunnarku, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D55923
Summary:
ReleaseCompactionFiles must be called when DB mutex is held,
but the documentation is mission.
Test Plan: no code change
Reviewers: anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, kradhakrishnan, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D54987
Summary:
Add CompactionReason to CompactionJobInfo
This will allow users to understand why compaction started which will help options tuning
Test Plan:
added new tests
make check -j64
Reviewers: yhchiang, anthony, kradhakrishnan, sdong, rven
Reviewed By: rven
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D51975
Summary: It would be nice to have and access to table properties in compaction callbacks. In MyRocks project, it will make possible to update optimizer statistics online.
Test Plan: ran the unit test. Ran myrocks with the new way of collecting stats.
Reviewers: igor, rven, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D48267
Summary: The diff modifies the condition checked to determine the bottommost level during compaction. Previously, absence of files in higher levels alone was used as the condition. Now, the function additionally evaluates if the higher levels have files which have non-overlapping key ranges, then the level can be safely considered as the bottommost level.
Test Plan: Unit test cases added and passing. However, unit tests of universal compaction are failing as a result of the changes made in this diff. Need to understand why that is happening.
Reviewers: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, sdong, lgalanis, meyering
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D46473
Summary:
Up to this point, the subcompactions that make up a compaction
job have been divided based on the key range of the L1 files, and each
subcompaction has handled the key range of only one file. However
DBOption.max_subcompactions allows the user to designate how many
subcompactions at most to perform. This patch updates the
CompactionJob::GetSubcompactionBoundaries() to determine these
divisions accordingly based on that option and other input/system factors.
The current approach orders the starting and/or ending keys of certain
compaction input files and then generates a histogram to approximate the
size covered by the key range between each consecutive pair of keys. Then
it groups these ranges into groups so that the sizes are approximately equal
to one another. The approach has also been adapted to work for universal
compaction as well instead of just for level-based compaction as it was before.
These subcompactions are then executed in parallel by locally spawning
threads, one for each. The results are then aggregated and the compaction
completed.
Test Plan: make all && make check
Reviewers: yhchiang, anthony, igor, noetzli, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: MarkCallaghan, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D43269
Summary:
Up until this point we had DbOptions.num_subcompactions, but
it is semantically more correct to call this max_subcompactions since
we will schedule *up to* DbOptions.max_subcompactions smaller compactions
at a time during a compaction job.
I also added a --subcompactions option to db_bench
Test Plan: make all make check
Reviewers: sdong, igor, anthony, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D45069
Summary:
In prepration for running multiple threads at the same time during
a compaction job, this patch assigns each subcompaction its own state
(instead of sharing the one global CompactionState). Each subcompaction then
uses this state to update its statistics, keep track of its snapshots, etc.
during the course of execution. Then at the end of all the executions the
statistics are aggregated across the subcompactions so that the final result
is the same as if only one larger compaction had run.
Test Plan: ./db_test ./db_compaction_test ./compaction_job_test
Reviewers: sdong, anthony, igor, noetzli, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: MarkCallaghan, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D43239
Summary:
As of now compactions involving files from Level 0 and Level 1 are single
threaded because the files in L0, although sorted, are not range partitioned like
the other levels. This means that during L0-L1 compaction each file from L1
needs to be merged with potentially all the files from L0.
This attempt to parallelize the L0-L1 compaction assigns a thread and a
corresponding iterator to each L1 file that then considers only the key range
found in that L1 file and only the L0 files that have those keys (and only the
specific portion of those L0 files in which those keys are found). In this way
the overlap is minimized and potentially eliminated between different iterators
focusing on the same files.
The first step is to restructure the compaction logic to break L0-L1 compactions
into multiple, smaller, sequential compactions. Eventually each of these smaller
jobs will be run simultaneously. Areas to pay extra attention to are
# Correct aggregation of compaction job statistics across multiple threads
# Proper opening/closing of output files (make sure each thread's is unique)
# Keys that span multiple L1 files
# Skewed distributions of keys within L0 files
Test Plan: Make and run db_test (newer version has separate compaction tests) and compaction_job_stats_test
Reviewers: igor, noetzli, anthony, sdong, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: MarkCallaghan, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D42699
Summary: It has been around for a while and it looks like it never found any uses in the wild. It's also complicating our compaction_job code quite a bit. We're deprecating it in 3.13, but will put it back in 3.14 if we actually find users that need this feature.
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: noetzli, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D42405
Summary: This helps Windows port to format their changes, as discussed. Might have formatted some other codes too becasue last 10 commits include more.
Test Plan: Build it.
Reviewers: anthony, IslamAbdelRahman, kradhakrishnan, yhchiang, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D41961
Summary: Change the naming style of getter and setters according to Google C++ style in compaction.h file
Test Plan: Compilation success
Reviewers: sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D41265
Summary: This change enables trivial move if all the input files are non onverlapping while doing Universal Compaction.
Test Plan: ./compaction_picker_test and db_test ran successfully with the new testcases.
Reviewers: sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D40875
Summary:
This diff updates the logic of how we do trivial move, now trivial move can run on any number of files in input level as long as they are not overlapping
The conditions for trivial move have been updated
Introduced conditions:
- Trivial move cannot happen if we have a compaction filter (except if the compaction is not manual)
- Input level files cannot be overlapping
Removed conditions:
- Trivial move only run when the compaction is not manual
- Input level should can contain only 1 file
More context on what tests failed because of Trivial move
```
DBTest.CompactionsGenerateMultipleFiles
This test is expecting compaction on a file in L0 to generate multiple files in L1, this test will fail with trivial move because we end up with one file in L1
```
```
DBTest.NoSpaceCompactRange
This test expect compaction to fail when we force environment to report running out of space, of course this is not valid in trivial move situation
because trivial move does not need any extra space, and did not check for that
```
```
DBTest.DropWrites
Similar to DBTest.NoSpaceCompactRange
```
```
DBTest.DeleteObsoleteFilesPendingOutputs
This test expect that a file in L2 is deleted after it's moved to L3, this is not valid with trivial move because although the file was moved it is now used by L3
```
```
CuckooTableDBTest.CompactionIntoMultipleFiles
Same as DBTest.CompactionsGenerateMultipleFiles
```
This diff is based on a work by @sdonghttps://reviews.facebook.net/D34149
Test Plan: make -j64 check
Reviewers: rven, sdong, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: yhchiang, ott, march, dhruba, sdong
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D34797
Summary:
Couple changes:
1. instead of SnapshotList, just take a vector of snapshots
2. don't take a separate parameter is_snapshots_supported. If there are snapshots in the list, that means they are supported. I actually think we should get rid of this notion of snapshots not being supported.
3. don't pass in mutable_cf_options as a parameter. Lifetime of mutable_cf_options is a bit tricky to maintain, so it's better to not pass it in for the whole compaction job. We only really need it when we install the compaction results.
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: sdong, rven, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D36627
Summary:
Added these events:
* Recovery start, finish and also when recovery creates a file
* Trivial move
* Compaction start, finish and when compaction creates a file
* Flush start, finish
Also includes small fix to EventLogger
Also added option ROCKSDB_PRINT_EVENTS_TO_STDOUT which is useful when we debug things. I've spent far too much time chasing LOG files.
Still didn't get sst table properties in JSON. They are written very deeply into the stack. I'll address in separate diff.
TODO:
* Write specification. Let's first use this for a while and figure out what's good data to put here, too. After that we'll write spec
* Write tools that parse and analyze LOGs. This can be in python or go. Good intern task.
Test Plan: Ran db_bench with ROCKSDB_PRINT_EVENTS_TO_STDOUT. Here's the output: https://phabricator.fb.com/P19811976
Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang, rven, MarkCallaghan, kradhakrishnan, anthony
Reviewed By: anthony
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D37521
Summary:
The goal of this diff is to make Compaction class easier to use. This should also make new compaction algorithms easier to write (like CompactFiles from @yhchiang and dynamic leveled and multi-leveled universal from @sdong).
Here are couple of things demonstrating that Compaction class is hard to use:
1. we have two constructors of Compaction class
2. there's this thing called grandparents_, but it appears to only be setup for leveled compaction and not compactfiles
3. it's easy to introduce a subtle and dangerous bug like this: D36225
4. SetupBottomMostLevel() is hard to understand and it shouldn't be. See this comment: afbafeaeae/db/compaction.cc (L236-L241). It also made it harder for @yhchiang to write CompactFiles, as evidenced by this: afbafeaeae/db/compaction_picker.cc (L204-L210)
The problem is that we create Compaction object, which holds a lot of state, and then pass it around to some functions. After those functions are done mutating, then we call couple of functions on Compaction object, like SetupBottommostLevel() and MarkFilesBeingCompacted(). It is very hard to see what's happening with all that Compaction's state while it's travelling across different functions. If you're writing a new PickCompaction() function you need to try really hard to understand what are all the functions you need to run on Compaction object and what state you need to setup.
My proposed solution is to make important parts of Compaction immutable after construction. PickCompaction() should calculate compaction inputs and then pass them onto Compaction object once they are finalized. That makes it easy to create a new compaction -- just provide all the parameters to the constructor and you're done. No need to call confusing functions after you created your object.
This diff doesn't fully achieve that goal, but it comes pretty close. Here are some of the changes:
* have one Compaction constructor instead of two.
* inputs_ is constant after construction
* MarkFilesBeingCompacted() is now private to Compaction class and automatically called on construction/destruction.
* SetupBottommostLevel() is gone. Compaction figures it out on its own based on the input.
* CompactionPicker's functions are not passing around Compaction object anymore. They are only passing around the state that they need.
Test Plan:
make check
make asan_check
make valgrind_check
Reviewers: rven, anthony, sdong, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: sdong, yhchiang, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D36687
Summary:
When having fixed max_bytes_for_level_base, the ratio of size of largest level and the second one can range from 0 to the multiplier. This makes LSM tree frequently irregular and unpredictable. It can also cause poor space amplification in some cases.
In this improvement (proposed by Igor Kabiljo), we introduce a parameter option.level_compaction_use_dynamic_max_bytes. When turning it on, RocksDB is free to pick a level base in the range of (options.max_bytes_for_level_base/options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier, options.max_bytes_for_level_base] so that real level ratios are close to options.max_bytes_for_level_multiplier.
Test Plan: New unit tests and pass tests suites including valgrind.
Reviewers: MarkCallaghan, rven, yhchiang, igor, ikabiljo
Reviewed By: ikabiljo
Subscribers: yoshinorim, ikabiljo, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D31437
Summary:
The "const" attribute applies to the type, and placing it
before that return type retains the desired semantics,
yet avoids the compiler error/warning.
Test Plan: Run make
Reviewers: ljin, sdong, igor.sugak, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D33789
Summary:
The "const" attribute does not make sense on a return type,
and provokes a warning/error from gcc -W -Wextra.
Test Plan:
Run "make EXTRA_CXXFLAGS='-W -Wextra'" and see fewer errors.
Reviewers: ljin, sdong, igor.sugak, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D33759
Summary:
This patch remove the unnecessary Compaction::ReleaseInputs().
Compaction::ReleaseInputs() tries to unref its input_version
and column_family. However, such unref is always done in
~Compaction(), and all current ReleaseInputs() calls are
right before the destructor.
Test Plan: ./db_test
Reviewers: igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: igor, rven, dhruba, sdong
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D31605
Summary:
We now release the mutex before copying the files in the case
of the trivial move. This path does not use the compaction job.
Test Plan: DBTest.LevelCompactionThirdPath
Reviewers: yhchiang, igor, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D30381
Summary:
This is just a simple test that passes two files though a compaction. It shows the framework so that people can continue building new compaction *unit* tests.
In the future we might want to move some Compaction* tests from DBTest here. For example, CompactBetweenSnapshot seems a good candidate.
Hopefully this test can be simpler when we mock out VersionSet.
Test Plan: this is a test
Reviewers: ljin, rven, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D28449
Summary:
We need to turn on -Wshorten-64-to-32 for mobile. See D1671432 (internal phabricator) for details.
This diff turns on the warning flag and fixes all the errors. There were also some interesting errors that I might call bugs, especially in plain table. Going forward, I think it makes sense to have this flag turned on and be very very careful when converting 64-bit to 32-bit variables.
Test Plan: compiles
Reviewers: ljin, rven, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: bobbaldwin, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D28689
Summary:
This diff adds three sets of APIs to RocksDB.
= GetColumnFamilyMetaData =
* This APIs allow users to obtain the current state of a RocksDB instance on one column family.
* See GetColumnFamilyMetaData in include/rocksdb/db.h
= EventListener =
* A virtual class that allows users to implement a set of
call-back functions which will be called when specific
events of a RocksDB instance happens.
* To register EventListener, simply insert an EventListener to ColumnFamilyOptions::listeners
= CompactFiles =
* CompactFiles API inputs a set of file numbers and an output level, and RocksDB
will try to compact those files into the specified level.
= Example =
* Example code can be found in example/compact_files_example.cc, which implements
a simple external compactor using EventListener, GetColumnFamilyMetaData, and
CompactFiles API.
Test Plan:
listener_test
compactor_test
example/compact_files_example
export ROCKSDB_TESTS=CompactFiles
db_test
export ROCKSDB_TESTS=MetaData
db_test
Reviewers: ljin, igor, rven, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: MarkCallaghan, dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D24705
Summary:
Make compaction picker easier to test.
The basic idea is to separate a minimum subcomponent of Version to VersionStorageInfo, which just responsible to LSM tree. A stub VersionStorageInfo can then be easily created and passed into compaction picker so that we can check the outputs.
It now passes most tests. Still two things need to be done:
(1) deal with the FIFO compaction's file size.
(2) write an example test to make sure the interface can do the job.
Add a compaction_picker_test to make sure compaction picker codes can be easily unit tested.
Test Plan:
Pass all unit tests and compaction_picker_test
Reviewers: yhchiang, rven, igor, ljin
Reviewed By: ljin
Subscribers: leveldb, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D27639
Summary:
We have several different types of data structures for file information.
FileLevel is kinda of confusing since it only contains file range and
fd. Rename it to LevelFilesBrief to make it clear.
Unfriend CompactedDBImpl as a by product
Test Plan:
make release / make all
will run full test with all stacked diffs
Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang, rven, igor
Reviewed By: igor
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D27585
Summary:
make compaction related options changeable. Most of changes are tedious,
following the same convention: grabs MutableCFOptions at the beginning
of compaction under mutex, then pass it throughout the job and register
it in SuperVersion at the end.
Test Plan: make all check
Reviewers: igor, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D23349
* Script for building the unity.cc file via Makefile
* Unity executable Makefile target for testing builds
* Source code changes to fix compilation of unity build
Summary:
Allow class Compaction to handle input files from multiple levels.
This diff is a subset of https://reviews.facebook.net/D19263 where
only db/compaction.cc and db/compaction.h are changed.
Test Plan:
make db_test
export ROCKSDB_TESTS=Compaction
./db_test
Reviewers: igor, sdong, ljin
Reviewed By: ljin
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D19923
Summary:
Use FileLevel in LevelFileNumIterator, thus use new version of findFile.
Old version of findFile function is deleted.
Write a function in version_set.cc to generate FileLevel from files_.
Add GenerateFileLevelTest in version_set_test.cc
Test Plan:
make all check
Reviewers: ljin, haobo, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: igor, dhruba
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D19659
Summary:
Define CompressedFileMetaData that just contains fd, smallest_slice, largest_slice. Create compressed_levels_ in Version, the space is allocated using arena
Thus increase the file meta data locality, speed up "Get" and "FindFile"
benchmark with in-memory tmpfs, could have 4% improvement under "random read" and 2% improvement under "read while writing"
benchmark command:
./db_bench --db=/mnt/db/rocksdb --num_levels=6 --key_size=20 --prefix_size=20 --keys_per_prefix=0 --value_size=100 --block_size=4096 --cache_size=17179869184 --cache_numshardbits=6 --compression_type=none --compression_ratio=1 --min_level_to_compress=-1 --disable_seek_compaction=1 --hard_rate_limit=2 --write_buffer_size=134217728 --max_write_buffer_number=2 --level0_file_num_compaction_trigger=8 --target_file_size_base=33554432 --max_bytes_for_level_base=1073741824 --disable_wal=0 --sync=0 --disable_data_sync=1 --verify_checksum=1 --delete_obsolete_files_period_micros=314572800 --max_grandparent_overlap_factor=10 --max_background_compactions=4 --max_background_flushes=0 --level0_slowdown_writes_trigger=16 --level0_stop_writes_trigger=24 --statistics=0 --stats_per_interval=0 --stats_interval=1048576 --histogram=0 --use_plain_table=1 --open_files=-1 --mmap_read=1 --mmap_write=0 --memtablerep=prefix_hash --bloom_bits=10 --bloom_locality=1 --perf_level=0 --benchmarks=readwhilewriting,readwhilewriting,readwhilewriting --use_existing_db=1 --num=52428800 --threads=1 —writes_per_second=81920
Read Random:
From 1.8363 ms/op, improve to 1.7587 ms/op.
Read while writing:
From 2.985 ms/op, improve to 2.924 ms/op.
Test Plan:
make all check
Reviewers: ljin, haobo, yhchiang, sdong
Reviewed By: sdong
Subscribers: dhruba, igor
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D19419
Summary:
In this patch, we allow RocksDB to support multiple DB paths internally.
No user interface is supported yet so this patch is silent to users.
Test Plan: make all check
Reviewers: igor, haobo, ljin, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: dhruba, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18921
Summary:
Before this diff, we're deciding enable_compression in CompactionPicker and then we're deciding final compression type in DBImpl. This is kind of confusing.
After the diff, the final compression type will be decided in CompactionPicker.
The reason for this is that I want CompactFiles() to specify output compression type, so that people can mix and match compression styles in their compaction algorithms. This diff makes it much easier to do that.
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, sdong, yhchiang, ljin
Reviewed By: ljin
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D19137
Summary: In universal compaction, MaxFileSizeForLevel is ULLONG_MAX. We've been preallocation files to UULONG_MAX size all these time :)
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, ljin, sdong, yhchiang
Reviewed By: yhchiang
Subscribers: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18915
Summary:
Introducing new compaction style -- FIFO.
FIFO compaction style has write amplification of 1 (+1 for WAL) and it deletes the oldest files when the total DB size exceeds pre-configured values.
FIFO compaction style is suited for storing high-frequency event logs.
Test Plan: Added a unit test
Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, sdong
Reviewed By: dhruba
Subscribers: alberts, leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D18765
Summary: Added a bit more information to compaction context, requested by internal team at FB.
Test Plan: Modified CompactionFilter test to make sure is_manual_compaction is properly set.
Reviewers: haobo
Reviewed By: haobo
CC: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D16095
Summary: This diff enables non-default column families to get compacted both automatically and also by calling CompactRange()
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, kailiu, sdong
CC: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D15813
Summary:
In this diff I made some effort to reduce usage of friending. To do that, I had to expose Compaction::inputs_ through a method inputs(). Not sure if this is a good idea, there is a trade-off. I think it's less confusing than having lots of friends.
I also thought about other friendship relationships, but they are too much tangled at this point. Once you friend two classes, it's very hard to unfriend them :)
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: haobo, kailiu, sdong, dhruba
Reviewed By: kailiu
CC: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D15267
Summary:
This is a big one. This diff moves all the code related to picking compactions from VersionSet to new class CompactionPicker. Column families' compactions will be completely separate processes, so we need to have multiple CompactionPickers.
To make this easier to review, most of the code change is just copy/paste. There is also a small change not to use VersionSet::current_, but rather to take `Version* version` as a parameter. Most of the other code is exactly the same.
In future diffs, I will also make some improvements to CompactionPickers. I think the most important part will be encapsulating it better. Currently Version, VersionSet, Compaction and CompactionPicker are all friend classes, which makes it harder to change the implementation.
This diff depends on D15171, D15183, D15189 and D15201
Test Plan: `make check`
Reviewers: kailiu, sdong, dhruba, haobo
Reviewed By: kailiu
CC: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D15207
Summary:
I'm sure we'll all agree that version_set.cc needs simplifying. This diff moves Compaction class to a separate file.
The diff depends on D15171 and D15183
Test Plan: make check
Reviewers: dhruba, haobo, kailiu, sdong
Reviewed By: kailiu
CC: leveldb
Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D15189
Yueh-Hsuan Chiang